Jiao-Jiao Yang, MBBS^a , Jie-Ling Bai, MBBS^a , Shuai Qiang, PhD^b, Yong Ma, MBBS^c, *

Abstract

Axillary bromhidrosis is characterized by malodor stemming from hyperplastic and hypertrophic apocrine sweat glands. Although surgical excision remains the most definitive treatment, postoperative complications—particularly hematoma—can compromise outcomes and patient satisfaction. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a micropore drainage technique in reducing hematoma and improving overall results. This retrospective comparative study analyzed data from medical records of 73 patients diagnosed with axillary bromhidrosis who underwent surgical treatment at the 3201 Hospital in Hanzhong, China, from January 2020 to January 2024. Patients had initially been randomized into either the experimental group (group A, n = 38), which received micropore drainage combined with subdermal undermining via a miniature incision, or the control group (group B, n = 35), treated by subdermal undermining alone. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were strictly followed during retrospective selection. Outcomes, evaluated by blinded assessors, included malodor elimination, Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) scores, hair growth reduction, scar formation, postoperative complications, and patient satisfaction. Both groups achieved significant improvements in malodor control and DLQI scores. Notably, the hematoma rate was 0% in Group A compared to 11.43% in Group B (P = .02). Group A also demonstrated higher patient satisfaction (81.58% vs 51.43%, P = .01). There were no significant differences between the groups in operative time, scar formation, DLQI improvement, or hair growth reduction. Incorporating micropore drainage into surgical management of axillary bromhidrosis effectively reduces postoperative hematoma and enhances patient satisfaction without increasing operative complexity or compromising apocrine gland removal. This technique shows promise as a safer, more reliable option for axillary bromhidrosis treatment, warranting further validation through larger multicenter studies and longer-term follow-up.

Abbreviations: AB = axillary bromhidrosis, DLQI = Dermatology Life Quality Index.

Keywords: apocrine glands, axillary bromhidrosis, Dermatology Life Quality Index, hematoma, micropore drainage, seroma, surgical treatment

Giorgia Fabrizio1 , Francesca Sivori2 , Ilaria Cavallo2 ,

Mauro Truglio2 , Luigi Toma3 , Francesca Sperati4 ,

Massimo Francalancia2 , Francisco Obregon2 , Luisa Pamparau2 ,

Daniela Kovacs5 , Fulvia Pimpinelli2 * and Enea Gino Di Domenico1 *

¹Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy,

²Microbiology and Virology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy, ³Medical

Directorate, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy, ⁴UOSD Clinical Trial Center,

Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, IRCCS San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, Rome, Italy,

⁵Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is widely recognized for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial efficacy in skin wound care. This study investigates the effectiveness of NaOCl against a range of bacterial and fungal isolates from pressure ulcer (PU) patients. We analyzed 20 bacterial isolates from PU patients, comprising carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP), multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDRAB), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), along with 5 Candida albicans isolates. Antibiotic resistance profiles were determined using standard susceptibility testing. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was employed to identify antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and disinfectant resistance genes (DRGs). Genetic determinants of biofilm formation were also assessed. The antimicrobial activity of NaOCl was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) for both planktonic and biofilm-associated cells. CRKP and MDRAB showed resistance to fluoroquinolones and carbapenems, while MRSA exhibited resistance to β-lactams and levofloxacin. MSSA displayed a comparatively lower resistance profile. WGS identified significant numbers of ARGs in CRKP and MDRAB, with fewer DRGs compared to MRSA and MSSA. All isolates possessed genes associated with fimbriae production and adhesion, correlating with pronounced biofilm biomass production. NaOCl demonstrated substantial antimicrobial activity against both planktonic cells and biofilms. The MIC90 for planktonic bacterial cells was 0.125  mg/mL, and the MBEC90 ranged from 0.225 to 0.5  mg/mL. For planktonic C. albicans, the MIC90 was 0.150  mg/ mL, and the MBEC90 was 0.250  mg/mL. These results highlight the challenge in treating biofilm-associated infections and underscore the potential of NaOCl as a robust antimicrobial agent against difficult-to-treat biofilm infections at concentrations lower than those typically found in commercial disinfectants.

KEYWORDS

NaOCl, biofilm, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, sodium hypochlorite solution, skin, ESKAPE

Marianna Blyumin-Karasik¹ | Jessica Colon² | Sophie Gaer¹ | Isabella Vigil¹ | Sylvie Nguyen² | Jordan Rosen¹

¹Precision Skin & Body Institute, Davie, Florida, USA | ²Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Davie, Florida, USA

Correspondence: Marianna Blyumin-Karasik (该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。)

Received: 12 May 2025 | Revised: 7 August 2025 | Accepted: 12 August 2025

Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.

Keywords: aesthetic | cosmeceuticals | hypochlorous acid | integrated skincare | laser treatment | photoaging | resurfacing laser

ABSTRACT

Background: Laser resurfacing treatments have revolutionized dermatological procedures by improving skin texture, tone, and quality. Effective periprocedural care remains essential to reduce side effects, support healing, and optimize aesthetic outcomes. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a naturally occurring oxidant with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, has demonstrated efficacy in promoting wound healing and minimizing scarring.

Aim: To evaluate the use of stabilized HOCl mist in the periprocedural care of patients undergoing laser resurfacing.

Methods: Ten patients underwent treatment with UltraClear, CO2RE, and/or GentleMax Pro laser devices. Stabilized HOCl mist was applied before and after the procedure, with continued application twice daily for 1week posttreatment. Follow-up assessments at 1–3weeks and 1–3months post-procedure included clinical photography, tolerability evaluation, and aesthetic outcome assessment. Outcomes measured included Clinician Erythema Assessment (CEA), 4-point Edema Scale, Investigator Global Assessment of Pigmentation Scale (IPA), and Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS). Statistical analysis was performed using the Friedman and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests.

Results: HOCl mist was associated with accelerated recovery, including a noticeable reduction in erythema and pigmentation. Statistically significant improvements were observed in CEA (p=0.007) and IPA (p=0.012) scores, indicating reduced clinical severity and pigment alteration. Edema and GAIS scores showed no statistically significant change.

Conclusion: Stabilized HOCl mist is well-tolerated and may significantly aid post-procedural recovery by minimizing side effects and reducing discomfort. Results support the potential role of stabilized HOCl mist as a beneficial adjunct in post-laser  skincare, contributing to faster healing, reduced inflammation, and enhanced cosmetic results.

Dasom Kong^1,4, Ki Hoon Park^2,4, Da-Hyun Kim¹ , Nam Gyo Kim¹ , Seung-Eun Lee¹ , Nari Shin¹ , Myung Geun Kook¹ ,

Young Bong Kim^3✉ and Kyung-Sun Kang ^1✉

© The Author(s) 2023

A correlation between COVID-19 and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been proposed recently. Although the number of case reports on neuroinflammation in COVID-19 patients has increased, studies of SARS-CoV-2 neurotrophic pathology using brain organoids have

restricted recapitulation of those phenotypes due to insufficiency of immune cells and absence of vasculature. Cerebral pericytes and endothelial cells, the major components of blood-brain barrier, express viral entry receptors for SARS-CoV-2 and response to

systemic inflammation including direct cell death. To overcome the limitations, we developed cortical-blood vessel assembloids by fusing cortical organoid with blood vessel organoid to provide vasculature to brain organoids a nd obtained the characteristics of increased expression of microglia and astrocytes in brain organoids. Furthermore, we observed AD pathologies, including β-amyloid plaques, which were affected by the inflammatory response from SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings provide an advanced platform to investigate human neurotrophic diseases, including COVID-19, and suggest that neuroinflammation caused by viral infection facilitates AD pathology.

Cell Death Discovery (2023) 9:32 ; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41420-022-01288-8