Pranav Jani1,2  · Umesh Mishra1,2 · Julia Buchmayer3  · Rajesh Maheshwari1,2 · Daphne D’Çruz2  · Karen Walker1,4,5,6,7 · Duygu Gözen8  · Krista Lowe2  · Audrey Wright2  · James Marceau2  · Mihaela Culcer1,2 · Archana Priyadarshi1,2 · Adrienne Kirby9  · James E. Moore10,11 · Ju Lee Oei12,13 · Vibhuti Shah14 · Umesh Vaidya15 · Abdelmoneim Khashana16 · Sunit Godambe17 · Fook Choe Cheah18,19 · Wen‑Hao Zhou20 · Xiao‑Jing Hu21 · Muneerah Satardien22,23

Received: 28 July 2022 / Accepted: 19 September 2022 / Published online: 13 November 2022 © The Author(s) 2022

Abstract

Background Globally, are skincare practices and skin injuries in extremely preterm infants comparable? This study describes skin injuries, variation in skincare practices and investigates any association between them.

Methods A web-based survey was conducted between February 2019 and August 2021. Quantifying skin injuries and describing skincare practices in extremely preterm infants were the main outcomes. The association between skin injuries and skincare practices was established using binary multivariable logistic regression adjusted for regions.

Results Responses from 848 neonatal intensive care units, representing all geographic regions and income status groups were received. Diaper dermatitis (331/840, 39%) and medical adhesive-related skin injuries (319/838, 38%) were the most common injuries. Following a local skincare guideline reduced skin injuries [medical adhesive-related injuries: adjusted odds ratios (aOR)=0.63, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.45–0.88; perineal injuries: aOR=0.66, 95% CI=0.45–0.96; local skin infections: OR=0.41, 95% CI=0.26–0.65; chemical burns: OR=0.46, 95% CI=0.26–0.83; thermal burns: OR=0.51, 95% CI=0.27–0.96]. Performing skin assessments at least every four hours reduced skin injuries (abrasion: aOR=0.48, 95% CI=0.33–0.67; pressure: aOR=0.51, 95% CI=0.34–0.78; diaper dermatitis: aOR=0.71, 95% CI=0.51–0.99; perineal: aOR=0.52, 95% CI=0.36–0.75). Regional and resource settings-based variations in skin injuries and skincare practices were observed.

Conclusions Skin injuries were common in extremely preterm infants. Consistency in practice and improved surveillance appears to reduce the occurrence of these injuries. Better evidence regarding optimal practices is needed to reduce skin injuries and minimize practice variations.

Keywords Extremely premature infants · Injuries · Neonatal intensive care unit · Skin care · Wounds

Pranav Jani

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Extended author information available on the last page of the article

Mireille Dekker1*, Irene P. Jongerden2 , Martine G. Caris1 , Martine C. de Bruijne2 , Christina M. J. E. Vandenbroucke‑Grauls1,3 and Rosa van Mansfeld1

*Correspondence:

Mireille Dekker

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1 Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands

2 Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

3 Department of Clinical Medicine – Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

© The Author(s) 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativeco mmons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Abstract

Background Important elements of programs that train and support infection control link nurses (ICLN) are the engagement of stakeholders, support from hospital and ward management and a structure for iterative improvement. The effects of programs, that combine all these elements, are unknown. We evaluated such a comprehensive program to explore its impact on link nurses and infection prevention practices and routines.

Methods We used the RE-AIM framework, a robust, evidence-based framework within the field of Implementation Science, to evaluate the impact of our ICLN training and support program. We used a mixed methods approach and organized the outcomes along its five dimensions: Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance.

Results Between 2014 and 2018, on average 91% of the inpatient wards and 58% of the outpatient clinics participated in the program (Reach) and impacted guideline adherence in inpatient wards. Link nurses felt engaged and empowered, and perceived their contribution to these results as pivotal. Ward managers confirmed the value of ICLN to help with implementing IPC practices (Effectiveness). The program was adopted both at the hospital and at the ward level (Adoption). Based on ongoing evaluations, the program was adapted by refining education, training and support strategies with emphasis on ward specific aspects (Implementation). The ICLN program was described as a key component of the infection prevention policy to sustain its effects (Maintenance).

Conclusions Our infection control link nurse program helped ICLN to improve infection prevention practices, especially in inpatient wards. The key to these improvements lay within the adaptability of our link nurse program. The adjustments to the program led to a shift of focus from hospital goals to goals tailored to the ward level. It allowed us to tailor activities to align them with the needs specific to each ward.

Keywords Quality improvement, Patient safety, Nursing practice, Nosocomial infections, Infection prevention

Bernhard Radlinger1,2 & Claudia Ress1,2 & Sabrina Folie1,2 & Karin Salzmann1,2 & Ana Lechuga1,2 & Bernhard Weiss 1,2,3 & Willi Salvenmoser4 & Michael Graber5 & Jakob Hirsch5 & Johannes Holfeld5 & Christian Kremser6 & Patrizia Moser3 & Gabriele Staudacher1,2 & Tomas Jelenik7 & Michael Roden7,8,9 & Herbert Tilg2 & Susanne Kaser1,2

Susanne Kaser

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1 Christian Doppler Laboratory for Metabolic Crosstalk, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

2 Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

3 Innpath GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria

4 Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CBMI), Leopold Franzens University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

5 Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

6 Department of Radiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

7 Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany

8 Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany

9 German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany

Received: 5 September 2022 /Accepted: 31 October 2022 / Published online: 16 December 2022 © The Author(s) 2022

Abstract Aims/hypothesis Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, heart failure and chronic kidney disease. Their role in the prevention of diet-induced metabolic deteriorations, such as obesity, insulin resistance and fatty liver disease, has not been defined yet. In this study we set out to test whether empagliflozin prevents weight gain and metabolic dysfunction in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance.

Methods C57Bl/6 mice were fed a western-type diet supplemented with empagliflozin (WDE) or without empagliflozin (WD) for 10 weeks. A standard control diet (CD) without or with empagliflozin (CDE) was used to control for diet-specific effects.

Metabolic phenotyping included assessment of body weight, food and water intake, body composition, hepatic energy metabolism, skeletal muscle mitochondria and measurement of insulin sensitivity using hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamps.

Results Mice fed the WD were overweight, hyperglycaemic, hyperinsulinaemic and insulin resistant after 10 weeks. Supplementation of the WD with empagliflozin prevented these metabolic alterations. While water intake was significantly increased by empagliflozin supplementation, food intake was similar in WDE- and WD-fed mice. Adipose tissue depots measured by MRI were significantly smaller in WDE-fed mice than in WD-fed mice. Additionally, empagliflozin supplementation prevented significant steatosis found in WD-fed mice. Accordingly, hepatic insulin signalling was deteriorated in WD-fed mice but not in WDE-fed mice. Empagliflozin supplementation positively affected size and morphology of mitochondria in skeletal muscle in both CD- and WD-fed mice.

Conclusions/interpretation Empagliflozin protects mice from diet-induced weight gain, insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in a preventative setting and improves muscle mitochondrial morphology independent of the type of diet.

Keywords Empagliflozin . Insulin resistance . Obesity . SGLT2 inhibition . Skeletal muscle mitochondria . Steatosis . Western-type diet

Silvia A. G. de Vries1 iD Carianne L. Verheugt1 iD Dick Mul2 iD Max Nieuwdorp1 iD Theo C. J. Sas2,3

Received: 26 April 2022 /Accepted: 25 November 2022

© The Author(s) 2023

Abstract

      Aims/hypothesis Sex differences are present in cardiovascular care and in outcomes among adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus, which typically commences in childhood. Whether sex influences care and outcomes in childhood is not known. This systematic review provides an overview of sex differences in children with type 1 diabetes, focusing on patient and disease characteristics, treatment, comorbidities and complications.

      Methods Literature in MEDLINE up to 15 June 2021 was searched, using the terms diabetes mellitus, sex characteristics, sex distribution, children and/or adolescents. All primary outcome studies on children with type 1 diabetes that mentioned a sex difference in outcome were included, with the exception of qualitative studies, case reports or case series. Studies not pertaining to the regular clinical care process and on incidence or prevalence only were excluded. Articles reporting sex differences were identified and assessed on quality and risk of bias using Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. Narrative synthesis and an adapted Harvest plot were used to summarise evidence by category.

      Results A total of 8640 articles were identified, rendering 90 studies for review (n=643,217 individuals). Studies were of observational design and comprised cohort, cross-sectional and case–control studies. Most of the included studies showed a higher HbA1c in young female children both at diagnosis (seven studies, n=22,089) and during treatment (20 out of 21 studies, n=144,613), as well as a steeper HbA1c increase over time. Many studies observed a higher BMI (all ages, ten studies, n=89,700; adolescence, seven studies, n=33,153), a higher prevalence of being overweight or obese, and a higher prevalence of dyslipidaemia among the female sex. Hypoglycaemia and partial remission occurred more often in male participants, and ketoacidosis (at diagnosis, eight studies, n=3561) and hospitalisation was more often seen in female participants. Most of the findings showed that female participants used pump therapy more frequently (six studies, n=211,324) and needed higher insulin doses than male participants. Several comorbidities, such as thyroid disease and coeliac disease, appeared to be more common in female participants. All studies reported lower quality of life in female participants (15 studies, n=8722). Because the aim of this study was to identify sex differences, studies with neutral outcomes or minor differences may have been under-targeted. The observational designs of the included studies also limit conclusions on the causality between sex and clinical outcomes.

Conclusions/interpretation Sex disparities were observed throughout diabetes care in children with type 1 diabetes. Several outcomes appear worse in young female children, especially during adolescence. Focus on the cause and treatment of these differences may provide opportunities for better outcomes.

Registration This systematic review is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020213640)

Keywords Child . Diabetes mellitus . Narrative synthesis . Sex differences . Systematic review . Type 1 diabetes

* Silvia A. G. de Vries

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1 Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

2 Diabeter, Center for Paediatric and Adult Diabetes Care and Research, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

3 Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-022-05866-4

/ Published online: 26 January 2023