Rita Rezzani 1,2,3,* , Gaia Favero 1,2 , Giorgia Cominelli 1 , Daniela Pinto 2,4 and Fabio Rinaldi 2,4

1 Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。 (G.F.); 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。 (G.C.)

2 Interdipartimental University Center of Research “Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs (ARTO)”, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。 (D.P.); 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。 (F.R.)

3 Italian Society for the Study of Orofacial Pain (Società Italiana Studio Dolore Orofacciale—SISDO), 25123 Brescia, Italy

4 Human Microbiome Advanced Project Institute, 20129 Milan, Italy * Correspondence: 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。; Tel.: +39-0303717483

Abstract: The skin is considered the most important organ system in mammals, and as the population ages, it is important to consider skin aging and anti-aging therapeutic strategies. Exposure of the skin to various insults induces significant changes throughout our lives, differentiating the skin of a young adult from that of an older adult. These changes are caused by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic aging. We report the interactions between skin aging and its metabolism, showing that the network is due to several factors. For example, iron is an important nutrient for humans, but its level increases with aging, inducing deleterious effects on cellular functions. Recently, it was discovered that ferroptosis, or iron-dependent cell death, is linked to aging and skin diseases. The pursuit of new molecular targets for ferroptosis has recently attracted attention. Prevention of ferroptosis is an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of diseases, especially in old age. However, the pathological and biological mechanisms underlying ferroptosis are still not fully understood, especially in skin diseases such as melanoma and autoimmune diseases. Only a few basic studies on regulated cell death exist, and the challenge is to turn the studies into clinical applications.

Keywords: aging; autoimmune diseases; cutaneous diseases; ferroptosis; gut microbiota; melanoma; skin

Citation: Rezzani, R.; Favero, G.; Cominelli, G.; Pinto, D.; Rinaldi, F. Skin Aging and the Upcoming Role of Ferroptosis in Geroscience. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 8238. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ijms25158238

Academic Editor: Michal Zmijewski

Received: 1 July 2024

Revised: 25 July 2024

Accepted: 26 July 2024

Published: 28 July 2024

Copyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

STRESZCZENIE Witamina C jest składnikiem odżywczym niezbędnym dla zdrowia człowieka posiada jącym duży potencjał jako kosmeceutyk chroniący zdrowie i dobrą kondycję skóry. Poprzez stymulację biosyntezy kolagenu wpływa na fizjologię ludzkiej skóry, w szczególności biorąc udział w procesie hydroksylacji proliny i lizyny oraz uczestniczy w odbudowie tkanek podczas gojenia się ran. Jej niedobór wywołuje nieprawidłowości w funkcjonowaniu naczyń krwionośnych, naskórka i skóry właściwej. Naskórek i skóra właściwa są najbardziej narażone na działanie wolnych rodników pochodzących ze środowiska zewnętrznego oraz z wnętrza organizmu. Witamina C jest skutecznym antyoksydantem neutralizującym wolne rodniki, zapobiega procesom zapalnym i kancerogennym. W chorobach zapalnych skóry, przykładowo takich jak atopowe zapalenie skóry, łuszczyca, ilość witaminy C w skó-rze właściwej jest obniżona. Dlatego też dostarczanie jej do skóry z wykorzystaniem preparatów kosmetycznych jest ważnym elementem, nie tylko kosmetycznym, ale i zdrowotnym. Problemem związanym z wprowadzaniem witaminy C przy pomocy kosmetyków jest jej ograniczone przenikanie przez stratum corneum. Obecne badania koncentrują się na poszukiwaniu stabilnych związków kwasu askorbinowego i nowych nośników pozwalających na dostarczanie go do skóry właściwej.

Zhi Su 1,†, Qianhua Hu 1,†, Xiang Li 1 , Zirun Wang 1 and Ying Xie 1,2,*

1 Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China

2 Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China

* Correspondence: 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。

† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Abstract: Circadian rhythms, the internal timekeeping systems governing physiological processes, significantly influence skin health, particularly in response to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Disruptions in circadian rhythms can exacerbate UVR-induced skin damage and increase the risk of skin aging and cancer. This review explores how circadian rhythms affect various aspects of skin physiology and pathology, with a special focus on DNA repair. Circadian regulation ensures optimal DNA repair following UVR-induced damage, reducing mutation accumulation, and enhancing genomic stability. The circadian control over cell proliferation and apoptosis further contributes to skin regeneration and response to UVR. Oxidative stress management is another critical area where circadian rhythms exert influence. Key circadian genes like brain and muscle ARNT-like 1 (BMAL1) and circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) modulate the activity of antioxidant enzymes and signaling pathways to protect cells from oxidative stress. Circadian rhythms also affect inflammatory and immune responses by modulating the inflammatory response and the activity of Langerhans cells and other immune cells in the skin. In summary, circadian rhythms form a complex defense network that manages UVRinduced damage through the precise regulation of DNA damage repair, cell proliferation, apoptosis, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and hormonal signaling. Understanding these mechanisms provides insights into developing targeted skin protection and improving skin cancer prevention.

Keywords: ultraviolet radiation; DNA damage repair; circadian rhythms; skin photoaging

Citation: Su, Z.; Hu, Q.; Li, X.; Wang, Z.; Xie, Y. The Influence of Circadian Rhythms on DNA Damage Repair in Skin Photoaging. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 10926. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijms252010926

Academic Editor: Ashis Basu

Received: 15 August 2024

Revised: 29 September 2024

Accepted: 8 October 2024

Published: 11 October 2024

Copyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/)

Patrick Bogdanowicz 1,4*, Paul Bensadoun 2,4, Maïté Noizet 1 , Benoît Béganton 1 , Armony Philippe 1 , SandrineAlvarez‑Georges 1 , Gautier Doat 3 , AmélieTourette 1 , Sandrine Bessou‑Touya 1 , Jean‑Marc Lemaitre 2* & Hélène Duplan 1

1 R&D Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique & Personal Care, Toulouse, France.

2 INSERM IRMB UMR1183, Hôpital Saint Eloi, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.

3 Laboratoires Dermatologiques Avène, Lavaur, France. 4These authors contributed equally: Patrick Bogdanowicz and Paul Bensadoun.

*email: 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。; 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。

Intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including lifestyle and sun exposure, can contribute to cell senescence, which impairs skin homeostasis, that may in turn lead to skin aging. Senescent cells have a specifc secretome, called the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that includes MMPs, CXCLs and S100A8/9. Reducing the SASP with senotherapeutics is a promising strategy to reduce skin aging. Here we evaluated the efect of a formula containing niacinamide and hyaluronic acid, which are known to limit senescence and skin aging. We conducted three diferent studies. (1) Ex vivo explants treated with the formula had more collagen and glycosaminoglycan. (2) In a clinical trial with forty-four women, two months of treatment improved fne lines, wrinkles, luminosity, smoothness, homogeneity, and plumpness. (3) In a third study on thirty women, we treated one arm for two months and took skin biopsies to study gene expression. 101 mRNAs and 13 miRNAs were diferentially expressed. We observed a likely senomorphic efect, as there was a decrease in many SASP genes including MMP12 and CXCL9 and a signifcant downregulation of autocrine signaling genes: S100A8 and S100A9. These pharmaco-clinical results are the frst to demonstrate the senomorphic properties of an efective anti-aging formula in skin.