Dirk Lund Christensen1 · Cathrine Olesen Emborg1,2 · Kaushik Laxmidas Ramaiya3 · Venance Philip Maro4 · Ib Christian Bygbjerg1 · Joseph Sironga4,5 · Jens Juul Holst6 · Kajiru Kilonzo4 · Bolette Hartmann6 · Flemming Dela6,7 · Steen Larsen6,8 · Jørn Wulff Helge6
Received: 13 September 2025 / Accepted: 26 April 2026 © The Author(s) 2026
Abstract
Aims Rural, agro-pastoralist Maasai in East Africa exhibit low prevalence of diabetes, yet little is known about their physi-ological response to glucose loads and whether sex has an impact on glucose metabolism, including incretin hormones.
Methods We included 58 (29 men, 29 women) adult Maasai without diabetes living in rural Tanzania. Clinical background characteristics were measured, and they were exposed to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) after an overnight fast. Plasma glucose, insulin/C-peptide, glucagon, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon-like pep-tide-1 (GLP-1) were analysed.
Results Mean age was 34.8 (range 17–65) years, and mean body mass index (BMI) was 20.3 (range 14.0-30.9) kg/m2 with two individuals being overweight and 14 being underweight. Men had a higher mean fasting glucose concentration (5.2 vs. 4.9 mmol/L, p=0.031), while women exhibited a higher OGTT-derived mean GLP-1 concentration at 2-h (8.5 vs. 5.1 pmol/L, p=0.005). Total area-under-the-curve (tAUC) for GLP-1 was higher in women compared to men (1336 vs. 870 pmol x min, p=0.011). Sex- and BMI-adjusted regression analyses for tAUC showed higher values of insulin, C-peptide and GLP-1 in women (p<0.10).
Conclusions Sex differences were found in fasting glucose and OGTT-derived insulin/C-peptide and GLP-1 concentrations. Research using more sophisticated methodology is needed to further explain the glucose metabolism phenotype in Maasai
Keywords Oral glucose tolerance test · Incretin hormones · Sex differences · Maasai · Sub-Saharan Africa
Seiji Tomofuji1 · Shin Urai2 · Kei Yoshino2,3 · Hironori Bando1 · Yushi Hirota1
Received: 25 November 2025 / Accepted: 9 March 2026 © The Author(s) 2026
Background Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-induced diabetes is a rare endocrine immune-related adverse event, and long-term pancreatic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings after disease onset have not been well characterized.
Case presentation An individual developed abrupt hyperglycemia during pembrolizumab therapy for recurrent renal cell carcinoma and subsequently required insulin therapy. Serum C-peptide rapidly declined to below the detection threshold, whereas pancreatic enzyme levels remained within normal limits throughout follow-up. MRI performed 1 day after diagno-sis demonstrated diffuse high signal intensity on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and reduced apparent diffusion coeffi-cient (ADC) values throughout the pancreas. Serial imaging over 25 months showed progressive pancreatic atrophy, whereas the DWI/ADC features persisted.
Conclusion This case provides a new descriptive longitudinal radiological observation of persistent diffusion-related pancre-atic MRI findings and progressive pancreatic atrophy after the onset of ICI-induced diabetes.
Keywords Type 1 diabetes · Immune checkpoint inhibitor · PD-1 antibody · Immune-related adverse event · Magnetic resonance imaging
伤口世界平台生态圈，以“关爱人间所有伤口患者”为愿景，连接、整合和拓展线上和线下的管理慢性伤口的资源，倡导远程、就近和居家管理慢性伤口，解决伤口专家的碎片化时间的价值创造、诊疗经验的裂变复制、和患者的就近、居家和低成本管理慢性伤口的问题。
2019广东省医疗行业协会伤口管理分会年会
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