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Matthias Augustina , Enzo Berardescab, Ulrike Blume-Peytavic , Peter Elsnerd, Davide Scafae, Leonard Christopher Schmeele and Ehrhardt Prokschf a University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; bDr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; c Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; dSRH Wald-Klinikum Gera, Gera, Germany; e Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; f Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
ABSTRACT
In dry skin (DS), skin-barrier function is easily disturbed and moisturizing factors in the stratum corneum are reduced. Despite being a common condition, DS is often overlooked in patients with advanced age or comorbid diseases. In September 2022, specialists in dermatology and skin care met to discuss unmet needs and management of patients with DS with existing medical conditions or DS induced by ongoing pharmacological treatments. There was consensus about the need to improve the current understanding and management of DS in patients with comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, radiodermatitis, and photodamaged skin. Clinical guidance related to optimal treatment of DS in patients with advanced age or comorbid diseases is needed. Dexpanthenol-containing emollients have been shown to provide rapid relief from the symptoms and clinical signs of skin inflammation and are well-tolerated and effective in terms of moisturizing and soothing DS and maintaining skin-barrier function. Thus, dexpanthenol-containing emollients may play an important role in future management of DS. Further research is needed to elucidate the efficacy of dexpanthenol across the spectrum of DS, irrespective of comorbidity status or age.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Received 12 December 2023
Accepted 27 February 2024
KEYWORDS
Dry skin; xerosis; dermatitis; comorbidities; dexpanthenol
Antonio Scarano1 · E. Qorri2 · A. Sbarbati3 · S. A. Gehrke4 · Alessio Frisone1 · D. Amuso3 · Sergio Rexhep Tari1
1 Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Strada Marcello Mucci 38/B, 66100 Chieti, Italy
2 Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Albanian University, 1001 Tirana, Albania
3 Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
4 Department of Research, Bioface/PgO/UCAM, Montevideo, Uruguay
Received: 30 March 2024 / Accepted: 17 May 2024 / Published online: 24 June 2024
© The Author(s) 2024
* Antonio Scarano
E. Qorri
A. Sbarbati
S. A. Gehrke
D. Amuso
Sergio Rexhep Tari
Abstract
Background Various techniques have been employed in aesthetic medicine to combat skin aging, in particular that of the facial region. Hyaluronic acid is utilized to enhance moisture levels and extracellular matrix molecules. This study aims to histologically assess the effects of low molecular weight hyaluronic acid fragments combined with amino acids (HAAM) on facial skin rejuvenation through intradermal microinjections.
Methods A total of twenty women, with an average age of 45 and ranging from 35 to 64 years old, participated in the study, including 8 in menopause and 12 in the childbearing age group. Mesotherapy was used to administer HAAM to the patients. Prior to and three months after the treatment, each patient underwent small circular punch biopsies. Ultrasound examinations were conducted using B-mode, capturing 2D images in longitudinal or transverse orientations with frequencies ranging from 5 to 13 Mega-hertz (MY LAB X8, ESAOTE, Genova, Italy). A total of 60 ultrasound examinations were taken, with 30 collected before treatment and 30 after treatment.
Results The histological analysis demonstrates an increase in fibroblast activity resulting in the production of Type III reticular collagen, as well as an increased number of blood vessels and epidermal thickness. However, the analysis of ultrasound data before and after treatment showed no statistical difference in skin thickness in malar area, chin and mandibular angle.
Conclusions Histological assessments indicate that subcutaneous infltration of HAAM has a substantial impact on the dermis of facial skin.
Keywords Hyaluronic acid · Hyaluronic acid fragments · Amino acid · Fibroblast · Skin aging · Ultrasound
Nan Young Kim a,1 , Kyung Jong Won b,1 , Do Yoon Kim a,c , Da Kyoung Lee a , Yoon Yi Kim a , Hwan Myung Lee a,c,*
a Division of Cosmetic and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Republic of Korea
b Department of Physiology and Medical Science, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea
c Korea Essential Oil Resource Research Institute, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Republic of Korea
* Corresponding author. Division of Cosmetic and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Republic of
E-mail address: kacsital@hoseo.edu (H.M. Lee).
1 These two authors contributed equally to this work.
ABSTRACT
Lespedeza maximowiczii (LM), a member of the legume family, has tyrosinase inhibitory and estrogenic activities. However, its effects on skin-related biological activities remain unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the effects of LM flower absolute (LMFAb) on skinrelated biological events, especially skin re-epithelization, barrier and moisturizing-related keratinocyte (HaCaT cell) responses. In this study, LMFAb was isolated from LM flowers via solvent extraction and its chemical composition analysis was performed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation, Boyden chamber, sprout outgrowth, enzyme-linked immunosorbent, and Western blot assay were used to analyze the biological effects of LMFAb on HaCaT cells (a human epidermal keratinocyte cell line). Twelve components were identified in LMFAb. LMFAb promoted cell proliferation, migration, and sprout outgrowth in HaCaT cells. The absolute enhanced the activations of MAPKs (ERK1/2, JNK, and p38), PI3K and AKT proteins in HaCaT cells and elevated collagen type I and IV levels in HaCaT cell conditioned medium. In addition, LMFAb induced an increase in the expression levels of epidermal barrier proteins (filaggrin and involucrin) in HaCaT cells. Furthermore, LMFAb increased hyaluronan (HA) production and expression of HA synthases (HAS-1, HAS-2, and HAS-3) but decreased HYBID (HA binding protein involved in HA depolymerization) level in HaCaT cells. These findings demonstrate that LMFAb might promote skin re-epithelization, barrier and moisturizingrelated beneficial responses in keratinocytes. This study suggests that LMFAb should be considered a potential starting material for the development of cosmetic or pharmaceutical agents that restore the functions of damaged skin.
ARTICLE INFO
Keywords:
Lespedeza maximowiczii
Absolute
Skin re-epithelization
Skin barrier
Skin moisturizing
Keratinocyte
Yu Ri Woo and Hei Sung Kim*
Department of Dermatology, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of
Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
EDITED BY
Alexandra P. Marques,
University of Minho, Portugal
REVIEWED BY
Piotr Konopelski,
Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
Karolina Chilicka-Hebel,
Opole University, Poland
*CORRESPONDENCE
Hei Sung Kim,
RECEIVED 16 October 2023
ACCEPTED 03 January 2024
PUBLISHED 19 January 2024
CITATION
Woo YR and Kim HS (2024), Interaction between the microbiota and the skin barrier in aging skin: a comprehensive review.
Front. Physiol. 15:1322205.
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1322205
© 2024 Woo and Kim. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).
The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
The interplay between the microbes and the skin barrier holds pivotal significance in skin health and aging. The skin and gut, both of which are critical immune and neuroendocrine system, harbor microbes that are kept in balance. Microbial shifts are seen with aging and may accelerate age-related skin changes. This comprehensive review investigates the intricate connection between microbe dynamics, skin barrier, and the aging process. The gut microbe plays essential roles in the human body, safeguarding the host, modulating metabolism, and shaping immunity. Aging can perturb the gut microbiome which in turn accentuates inflammaging by further promoting senescent cell accumulation and compromising the host’s immune response. Skin microbiota diligently upholds the epidermal barrier, adeptly fending off pathogens. The aging skin encompasses alterations in the stratum corneum structure and lipid content, which negatively impact the skin’s barrier function with decreased moisture retention and increased vulnerability to infection. Efficacious restoration of the skin barrier and dysbiosis with strategic integration of acidic cleansers, emollients with optimal lipid composition, antioxidants, and judicious photoprotection may be a proactive approach to aging. Furthermore, modulation of the gut-skin axis through probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics emerges as a promising avenue to enhance skin health as studies have substantiated their efficacy in enhancing hydration, reducing wrinkles, and fortifying barrier integrity. In summary, the intricate interplay between microbes and skin barrier function is intrinsically woven into the tapestry of aging. Sound understanding of these interactions, coupled with strategic interventions aimed at recalibrating the microbiota and barrier equilibrium, holds the potential to ameliorate skin aging. Further in-depth studies are necessary to better understand skin-aging and develop targeted strategies for successful aging.
KEYWORDS
aging, skin, microbe, skin barrier, gut