Skin Pigmentation Impacts the Clinical Diagnosis of Wound Infection: Imaging of Bacterial Burden to Overcome Diagnostic Limitations

Jonathan Johnson1  · Alton R. Johnson Jr.2  · Charles A. Andersen3  · Martha R. Kelso4  · Alisha R. Oropallo5  · Thomas E. Serena6 iD

Received: 4 November 2022 / Revised: 22 March 2023 / Accepted: 31 March 2023

© The Author(s) 2023

Abstract

      Underrepresentation of diverse skin tones in medical education and providers’ implicit racial bias drives inequities in wound care, such as disproportionally poor outcomes for Black patients. Diagnostic indicators (e.g., erythema) can present differently depending on skin pigmentation. This post hoc analysis of 350 chronic wounds from a prospective 14-site clinical trial aimed to determine how the perception of clinical signs and symptoms of infection (CSS) differs by patient skin tone and if fluorescence-imaging can offer a more objective diagnostic solution. Participants were grouped by skin tone (low,

medium, high) as measured by the Fitzpatrick Skin Phototype Classification (FSPC) scale. CSS and total bacterial load

(TBL) were compared across FSPC groups, along with sensitivity to detect TBL >104 CFU/g using CSS alone and combined

with fluorescence-imaging. Erythema was reported less often with increasing FSPC score (p = 0.05), from 13.4% (low),

to 7.2% (medium), to 2.3% (high), despite comparable bacterial loads (median = 1.8 × 106 CFU/g). CSS sensitivity in the

high group (2.9%) was 4.8-fold to 8.4-fold lower than the low (p = 0.003) and medium groups (p = 0.04). Fluorescenceimaging significantly improved the detection of high bacterial load in each group, peaking in the high group at 12-fold

over CSS alone. These findings underscore the threat of pervasive racialized health inequities in wound care, where missed

diagnosis of pathogenic bacteria and infection could delay treatment, increasing the risk of complications and poor outcomes.

Fluorescence-imaging is poised to fill this gap, at least in part, serving as a more objective and equitable indicator of wound bacteria. Clinicaltrials.gov#NCT03540004 registered 16-05-2018.

Keywords Bacterial load · Erythema · Fluorescence imaging · Infection · Medical education · Skin pigmentation

Thomas E. Serena

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1 Comprehensive Wound Care Services and Capital Aesthetic & Laser Center, Washington, DC, USA

2 University of Michigan School of Medicine in the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes-Podiatry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

3 Madigan Army Medical Center Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Tacoma, WA, USA

4 Wound Care Plus LLC, Blue Springs, MO, USA

5 Comprehensive Wound Healing Center and Hyperbarics, Northwell Health and Department of Vascular Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA

6 SerenaGroup Research Foundation, Cambridge, MA, USA

Single use Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) system in the management of knee arthroplasty

Wai-Wang Chau1† iD , Kelvin Chin-Hei Lo2†, Lawrence Chun-Man Lau1 iD, Michael Tim-Yun Ong1 and Kevin Ki-Wai Ho3*iD

Abstract

Background Wound complication, skin blister formation in particular, causes devastating consequences after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) tries to improve wound management leading to decrease length of hospital stay and better clinical outcomes. Low body mass index (BMI) could play a part in wound recovery management although lacking evidence. This study compared length of hospital stay and clinical outcomes between NPWT and Conventional groups, and factors affected and how BMI affected.

Methods This was a retrospective clinical record review of 255 (160 NPWT and 95 Conventional) patients between 2018 and 2022. Patient demographics including body mass index (BMI), surgical details (unilateral or bilateral), length of hospital stay, clinical outcomes including skin blisters occurrence, and major wound complications were

Results Mean age of patients at surgery was 69.95 (66.3% were female). Patients treated with NPWT stayed significantly longer in the hospital after joint replacement (5.18 days vs. 4.55 days; p=0.01). Significantly fewer patients treated with NPWT found to have blisters (No blisters: 95.0% vs. 87.4%; p=0.05). In patients with BMI<30, percentage of patients requiring dressing change was significantly lower when treated with NPWT than conventional (0.8% vs. 33.3%).

Conclusion Percentage of blisters occurrence in patients who underwent joint replacement surgery is significantly lower using NPWT. Patients using NPWT stayed significantly longer in the hospital after surgery because significant proportion received bilateral surgery. NPWT patients with BMI<30 were significantly less likely to change wound

Keywords Negative pressure wound therapy, Length of hospital stay, Skin blister formation, BMI

† Wai-Wang Chau and Kelvin Chin-Hei Lo are Co-first authors and contributed equally to this work.

*Correspondence:

Kevin Ki-Wai Ho

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1 Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR

2 Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR

3 Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Chinese University of Hong Kong Medical Centre, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR

© The Author(s) 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Severe wound infection by MRCNS following bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy

Yao Du1,2†, Song Han1†, Yue Zhou1†, Hai Feng Chen3†, Yao Liang Lu1 , Zhi Yuan Kong1 and Wei Ping Li1*iD

Abstract

Background Wound infection after inguinal hernia surgery is not uncommon in the clinical setting. The common microbial aetiology of postoperative inguinal hernia wound infection is Gram-positive bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen causing wound infection while Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas are rare. Staphylococcus epidermidis as a cause of severe wound infection is rarely described in literature. We herein present a case of a 79-year-old man with a rare wound infection after bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy caused by MRCNS (Methicillin Resistant Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus).

Case presentation We present a case of wound infection accompanied by fever with a temperature of 38.8 °C after bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy in a 79-year-old man. Bilateral inguinal wounds were marked by redness and swelling, with skin necrosis. In addition, an abscess of approximately 1.5 cm×1.5 cm was seen on the left wrist. A small amount of gas under the skin in the wound area was observed after pelvic computed tomography (CT) scans. No bacteria were cultured from the inguinal wound discharge, while blood culture detected MRCNS, and Acinetobacter lwoffi was cultured from the pus in the left wrist. We chose appropriate antibiotics based on the results of the bacterial culture and the drug susceptibility results. Vacuum assisted closure (VAC) therapy was used after debridement. The patient was discharged after the wounds improved. He was followed up for ten months and showed no signs of complications. We are sharing our experience along with literature review.

Conclusions We are presenting a rare case of MRCNS wound infection following open inguinal hernia surgery. Although a rarity, clinicians performing inguinal hernia surgery must consider this entity in an infected wound and follow up the patient for complications of MRCNS.

Keywords MRCNS, Wound infection, Hernia, Inguinal

† Yao Du, Song Han, Yue Zhou and Hai Feng Chen contributed equally to this

*Correspondence:

Wei Ping Li

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1 Department of General Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Taicang City, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Taicang City 215400, Jiangsu Province, China

2 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang City 330006, Jiangxi Province, China

3 Department of Gastroenterology, The First People’s Hospital of Taicang City, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Taicang City 215400, Jiangsu Province, China

© The Author(s) 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativeco mmons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Intra-wound versus systemic vancomycin for preventing surgical site infection induced by methicillin-resistant S. aureus after spinal implant surgery in a rat model

Jian Wei1*† iD, Hanwen Gu2† and Kai Tong2

† Jian Wei and Hanwen Gu have contributed equally to this work

*Correspondence:

Jian Wei

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1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Liuzhou People’s Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou 545006, China

2 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China

Abstract

Background Systemic vancomycin administration pre-operatively for the infection prophylaxis of spinal implant surgery remains unsatisfactory. This study aimed to explore the efcacy and dosage of local use of vancomycin powder (VP) in preventing surgical site infections after spinal implant surgery in a rat model.

Methods Systemic vancomycin (SV; intraperitoneal injection, 88 mg/kg) or intraoperative intra-wound VP (VP0.5: 44 mg/kg, VP1.0: 88 mg/kg, VP2.0: 176 mg/kg) was applied after spinal implant surgery and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA; ATCC BAA-1026) inoculation in rats. General status, blood inflammatory biomarkers, microbiological and histopathological evaluation were performed during 2 weeks post-surgery.

Results No post-surgical deaths, wound complications and obvious signs of vancomycin adverse effects were observed. Bacterial counts, blood and tissue inflammation were reduced in the VP groups compared with the SV group. VP2.0 group showed better outcomes in weight gain and tissue inflammation than the VP0.5 and VP1.0 group. Microbial counts indicated that no bacteria survived in the VP2.0 group, whereas MRSA was detected in VP0.5 and VP1.0 groups.

Conclusions Intra-wound VP may be more effective than systemic administration in preventing infection caused by MRSA (ATCC BAA-1026) after spinal implant surgery in a rat model.

Keywords Postoperative infection, Spinal implant surgery, Intra-wound vancomycin powder, Infection prophylaxis, Rat model

© The Author(s) 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Evaluation of the therapeutic efect of dressing containing Silver (Ag coat) in the process of healing skin blisters caused by limb fractures: a clinical trial study

Mehdi Teimouri1 and Sahar sadat Lalehzar2*

Abstract

Background The main activity of the skin is to create a protective barrier against damage. Loss of the skin due to injury or disease and failure to regenerate the affected area may result in disability, infection, or even death. We conducted a clinical trial to evaluate the therapeutic effect of dressing containing silver in process of healing skin blisters caused by limb fractures.

Method This is a pioneering randomized trial that compares the effectiveness of two dressings containing silver (Ag coat) and Gaz Vaseline among patients with skin blisters due to bone fractures who were randomly selected from patients referred to the Kashani Medical Training Center. There were two treatment groups containing 16 patients treated with Ag coat and 15 patients treated with Gaz Vaseline. Pictures were taken of blisters on days 0, 7, and 14 to evaluate the healing process. The amount of pain, duration of the visit (measured by minutes), and general condition of the wound were checked. The amount of pain, duration of visit (measured by minutes) and general condition of the wound was checked. All continuous and categorical data are presented as mean±standard deviation (SD) and frequency (percentage), respectively. Paired sample T-test and repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA), Chisquared test was used. All pictures were analyzed by Mosaic soft ward.

Result During this study, there was no significant difference between the mean of age and BMI and frequency of gender in the two study groups (P>0.05). There was a significant difference in mean between the duration of the visit, number of dressings, and net cost of dressing (p < 0.05). In the macroscopic study and analysis for evaluation and comparing wound area with the Mosaic soft ward, there was significant relation in time (p1=0.00). There is no significant difference between the groups (p2=0.84). There was a significant difference between time and group (p3 =0.00). On day 14 the wound area between groups had a significant difference (p4 =0.00) (Table 3). In the VAS score there was a significant difference in time, and group (p1,2 =0.00), there was no significant relation between time and group (p3=0.62). On all days the wound area between groups had a significant difference (p4=0.00).

Conclusion In conclusion, Ag coat dressing, not only has a significant effect on wound healing but also, decreases pain, shorter visit time, and its more cost-effective.

Keywords Blister, Bone fracture, Lower extremity, Silver

*Correspondence:

Sahar sadat Lalehzar

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Full list of author information is available at the end of the article

© The Author(s) 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativeco mmons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Core decompression with β-tri-calcium phosphate grafts in combination with platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of avascular necrosis of femoral head

Jinyang Lyu1,2†, Tiancong Ma1,2†, Xin Huang1,2, Jingsheng Shi1 , Gangyong Huang1,3, Feiyan Chen1 , Yibing Wei1 ,Siqun Wang1 , Jun Xia1 , Guanglei Zhao1*† and Jie Chen1*†

† Jinyang Lyu and Tiancong Ma contributed equally to this work and share first

† Guanglei Zhao and Jie Chen contributed equally to this work and should be regarded as co-corresponding authors.

*Correspondence:

Guanglei Zhao

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Jie Chen

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Abstract
Background This study was aimed to investigate whether the application of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) combined with β-tri-calcium phosphate (β-TCP) grafts after core decompression (CD) could improve the clinical outcomes of early stage of avascular necrosis of femoral head.

Methods Forty-five (54 hips) patients with Ficat-Arlet classification stage |-II treated by CD with β-TCP grafts with or without the application of PRP from July 2015 to October 2020 were reviewed. Group A (CD+ β-TCP grafts) included 24 patients (29 hips), while group B (CD + β-TCP grafts + PRP) included 21 patients (25 hips). Visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Harris hip score (HHS), change in modified Kerboul angle and the hip joint survival were evaluated and compared between the groups. Patients had a mean follow-up period of 62.1士17.2 months and 59.3土14.8 months in group A and group B, respectively.

Results The mean VAS scores in group A was significantly higher than group B at the 6 months (2.9士0.7vs 1.9士0.6, p< 0.01) and final follow up postoperative (2.8士1.2 VS 2.2士0.7, p= 0.04). The mean HHS in group A was significantly lower than group B at the 6 months (80.5土13.8 VS 89.8士12.8, p= 0.02). However, at the final follow up, there is no
significant difference between the groups (77.0土12.4 VS 83.1土9.3, p=0.07). The mean change in modified Kerboul angle was -7.4士10.6 in group A and -19.9士13.9 in group B which is statistically significant (P <0.01). Survivorship from total hip arthroplasty were 86.2%/84% (p = 0.86) at the final follow up, which was not statistically significant. No serious complications were found in both groups.

Conclusions A single dose of PRP combined with CD and β-TCP grafts provided significant pain relief, better functional outcomes, and delayed progression in the short term compared to CD combined with β-TCP grafts. However, the prognosis of the femoral head did not improve significantly in the long term. In the future, designing new implants to achieve multiple PRP injections may improve the hip preservation rate.

Keywords Core decompression, Platelet-rich plasma, Avascular necrosis of femoral head, Hip-preserving strategy, β-tri-calcium phosphate

© The Author(s) 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativeco mmons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.