Medical treatment of Cushing’s disease with concurrent diabetes mellitus

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03 2月 2026

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Author : 伤口世界

Medical treatment of Cushing’s disease with concurrent diabetes mellitus

This article is excerpted from the《Frontiers in Endocrinology》by Wound World

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Current strategies and priorities for diabetic footwear design and production: a cross-European exploratory survey of clinicians and shoemakers
The erythropoietin gene polymorphism (rs1617640) is associated with retinopathy in type 2 diabetes patients
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原发性肝癌诊疗指南（2026 年版） 2026-04-13 00:00

名誉主任委员：汤钊猷郑树森王学浩陈孝平董家鸿窦科峰滕皋军夏强蔡秀军

主任委员： 樊嘉

执行主任委员：周俭

副主任委员： 秦叔逵沈锋蔡建强李强王伟林陈敏山孙惠川向华吴泓

介入及局部治疗学组组长： 滕皋军

副组长：韩国宏颜志平王茂强刘瑞宝郭金和曾昭冲梁萍王忠敏

内科及系统治疗组组长：秦叔逵

副组长：任正刚侯金林张艳桥刘秀峰潘宏铭毕锋

外科学组组长：周俭

副组长：周伟平刘连新文天夫匡铭张必翔陶开山

影像学组组长：曾蒙苏

副组长：梁长虹陈敏严福华徐辉雄谢晓燕居胜红

病理学组组长：丛文铭

副组长：纪元云径平李增山

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秘书长： 孙惠川

副秘书长：王征史颖弘刘嵘张岚

秘书组: 肖永胜杨春吴志峰丁振斌朱小东周正君黄晓勇韩红朱海东仲斌演张巍
Current strategies and priorities for diabetic footwear design and production: a cross-European exploratory survey of clinicians and shoemakers 2026-04-11 00:00

Hadi Sarlak1,2 · Kamran Shakir1,2 · Giulia Rogati2 · Alberto Leardini2 · Lisa Berti1,3 · Paolo Caravaggi2

Received: 11 December 2025 / Accepted: 5 February 2026 © The Author(s) 2026

Abstract

Background Therapeutic footwear plays an important role in preventing ulceration in people with diabetes. Despite guide-lines recommending offloading footwear for individuals at risk of ulceration, limited data are available on the alignment between current industrial practices, clinical expectations, and evidence. This study explored current practices, priorities and challenges associated with diabetic footwear from manufacturers’ and clinicians’ perspectives across Europe.

Methods An exploratory cross-sectional survey was conducted between May and October 2025 to gather insights from diabetic footwear manufacturers and clinicians involved in diabetic foot care across Europe. A 26-item questionnaire was developed to explore product design, materials, innovation, and adherence to guidelines among manufacturers. Additionally, a separate 14-item questionnaire for clinicians examined footwear prescription, patient barriers, and industry communica-tion. Quantitative data were analysed descriptively, and open-text responses underwent thematic analysis.

Results Nine manufacturers and twelve clinicians participated in the survey. While only half of the Manufacturers that completed the survey reported having a research and development department, most reported adopting data-driven design approaches (n=8) and scientific literature (n=7). Offloading, internal volume, and toe protection were the highest-ranking priorities for manufacturers, whereas aesthetics ranked lowest. Clinicians, conversely, prioritised accommodation of defor-mities, offloading, and comfort, and highlighted poor aesthetics and shoe weight as major limitations to adherence.

Conclusions This exploratory study suggests partial alignment between diabetic footwear manufacturers and clinicians on functional and offloading features but highlights gaps in aesthetics, materials, and sustainability. Better collaboration, data-driven innovation, and clearer product specifications could improve user adherence, prescription efficacy, and the preventive role of therapeutic footwear in diabetes care.

Keywords Diabetic foot ulcers · Therapeutic footwear · Offloading · Survey · Footwear design

Communicated by Massimo Federici.

Kamran Shakir

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Hadi Sarlak

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Giulia Rogati

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Alberto Leardini

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Lisa Berti

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Paolo Caravaggi

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1 Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Zamboni,33, Bologna 40126, Italy

2 Movement Analysis Laboratory and Functional Evaluation of Prostheses, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, Bologna 40136, Italy

3 Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna 40136, Italy
The erythropoietin gene polymorphism (rs1617640) is associated with retinopathy in type 2 diabetes patients 2026-04-10 00:00

Jolanta Szeliga-Krol1 · Agata Betlejewska1 · Monika Buraczynska1 · Wojciech Zaluska1

Received: 29 September 2025 / Accepted: 25 January 2026 © The Author(s) 2026

Abstract

Aims Our study aimed to evaluate the association between the erythropoietin gene rs1617640 polymorphism and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in diabetes patients.

Methods In this preliminary retrospective study the genotyping was performed on 860 DNA samples from Caucasian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). For analyzing the effect of the polymorphism, patients were assigned into three phenotypic subgroups: non-DR (without retinopathy), NPDR (with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy) and PDR (with proliferative diabetic retinopathy). The rs1617640 polymorphism was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and direct DNA sequencing procedures.

Results A statistically significant difference in the polymorphism distribution was observed between T2DM patients with DR (both NPDR and PDR) and those without DR. The minor G allele was associated with the increased risk of DR. In the NPDR subgroup subjects carrying the G allele had 1.53-fold higher risk of developing retinopathy. Similarly, in the PDR subgroup patients carrying the G allele showed almost twofold increased risk of PDR in a dominant model of inheritance.

Conclusion Our results demonstrate that in T2DM patients the EPO rs1617460 polymorphism is associated with signifi-cantly increased risk of developing DR. This finding can provide a new insight into the role of EPO gene in the pathophysi-ology of microvascular complications of diabetes.

Keywords EPO gene · Type 2 diabetes mellitus · Diabetic retinopathy · Single nucleotide polymorphism · Risk allele

Communicated by Marta Letizia Hribal.

Monika Buraczynska 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。

1 Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-950 Lublin, Poland

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主任医师、教授、博导，南方医科大学第三附属医院（广东省骨科医院）院长

Medical treatment of Cushing’s disease with concurrent diabetes mellitus

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Medical treatment of Cushing’s disease with concurrent diabetes mellitus

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