Delia Bogdanet1  · Michelle Toth Castillo2  · Helen Doheny3  · Louise Dervan1  · Miguel Angel Luque‑Fernandez4,5 ·Jose A. Halperin2  · Paula M. O’Shea1,3 · Fidelma P. Dunne1

Received: 12 July 2022 / Accepted: 27 September 2022 / Published online: 29 October 2022 © The Author(s) 2022

Abstract

Aim Even though most pregnancies are uneventful, occasionally complications do occur. Gestational diabetes is linked to an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Early identification of women at risk of experiencing adverse outcomes, ideally through a single blood test, would facilitate early intervention. Plasma glycated CD59 (pGCD59) is an emerging biomarker which has shown promise in identifying hyperglycaemia during pregnancy and has been associated with the risk of delivering an LGA infant. The aim of this study was to explore the ability of the first- and second-trimester pGCD59 to predict adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Methods This was a prospective study of 378 pregnant women. Samples for pGCD59 were taken at the first antenatal visit and at the time of the 2 h 75 g OGTT (24–28 weeks of gestation). Adjusted receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the ability of pGCD59 to predict maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Results First-trimester pGCD59 levels were higher in women with gestational diabetes who delivered a macrosomic infant (4.2±0.7 vs. 3.5±1.0 SPU, p<0.01) or an LGA infant (4.3±0.3 vs. 3.6±1.0 SPU, p=0.01) compared to women with GDM that did not experience these outcomes. Second-trimester pGCD59 levels were higher in women that developed polyhydramnios (2.9±0.4 vs. 2.5±1.1 SPU, p=0.03). First- and second-trimester pGCD59 predicted pregnancy-induced hypertension with good accuracy (AUC:0.85, 95%CI:0.78–0.91; AUC: 0.80, 95%CI: 0.73–0.88, respectively) and neonatal hypoglycaemia with fair to good accuracy (AUC:0.77, 95%CI: 0.54–0.99, AUC:0.81, 95%CI:0.62–0.99).

Conclusions This study has shown that pGCD59 has the potential to predict adverse pregnancy outcomes. Prospective studies with a larger number of cases are necessary to fully explore and validate the potential of this emerging biomarker in predicting adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Keywords Pregnancy outcomes · Gestational diabetes · Biomarker · pGCD59

This article belongs to the topical collection Pregnancy and Diabetes, managed by Antonio Secchi and Marina Scavini.

* Delia Bogdanet

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Michelle Toth Castillo

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Helen Doheny

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Louise Dervan

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Miguel Angel Luque-Fernandez

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Jose A. Halperin

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Paula M. O’Shea

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Fidelma P. Dunne

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1 College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland

2 Divisions of Haematology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA

3 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Saolta University Health Care Group (SUHCG), Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland

4 Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

5 Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK

Alberto de Leiva‑Hidalgo1,2  · Alejandra de Leiva‑Pérez2

Received: 2 October 2022 / Accepted: 30 November 2022 / Published online: 31 December 2022 © The Author(s) 2022

Abstract

Aims The general objective has been the historiographical investigation of the organotherapy of diabetes mellitus between 1906 and 1923 in its scientific, social and political dimensions, with special emphasis on the most relevant contributions of researchers and institutions and on the controversies generated on the priority of the "discovery" of antidiabetic hormone.

Methods We have analyzed the experimental procedures and determination of biological parameters used by researchers during the investigated period (1906–1923): pancreatic ablation techniques, induction of acinar atrophy with preservation of pancreatic islets, preparation of pancreatic extracts (PE) with antidiabetic activity, clinical chemistry procedures (glycemia, glycosuria, ketonemia, ketonuria, etc.). The field investigation has included on-site and online visits to cities, towns, buildings, laboratories, universities, museums and research centers where the reported events took place, obtaining documents, photographic images, audiovisual recordings, as well as personal interviews complementary to the documentation consulted (primary sources, critical bibliography, reference works). The documentary archival sources have been classified according to theme, including those consulted in situ with those extracted online and digitized copies received mainly by email. Among the many archives contacted, those listed below have been most useful and have been consulted on site and on repeated visits: National Library of Medicine-Historical Archives (Bethesda, MD, USA); Archives, University of Toronto and Thomas Fisher Rare Books Library (Toronto, Ontario, Canada); Francis A. County Library of Medicine, Harvard University (Boston, Mass, USA); Zentralbibliothek der Humboldt-Universität (Berlin, DE), Geheimarchiv des Preuβischen Staates (Berlin, DE); Landesamt für Bürger—und Ordnungsangelegenheiten (LABO) (Berlin, DE); Arhivele Academiei Române şi Universitǎții Carol Davila (Bucharest, RO).

Main results and conclusions A) The European researchers Zülzer (Z Exp Path Ther 23:307–318, 1908) and Paulescu (CR Seances Soc Biol Fil 85:558, 1921) meet the requirements of the priority rule in the discovery of the antidiabetic hormone. B) Factors of socioeconomic and political nature related with the First World War and the inter-war period delayed the process of purification of the antidiabetic hormone in Europe. C) The Canadian scientist J. Collip, University of Alberta, temporarily assimilated to the University of Toronto, and the American chemist and researcher G. Walden, with the expert collaboration of Eli Lilly & Co., were the main authors of the purification process of the antidiabetic hormone. D) The scientific evidence, reflected in the heuristics of this research, allows to assert that the basic investigation carried out by the Department of Physiology of the University of Toronto, directed by the Scottish J. Macleod, in conjunction with the clinical research undertaken by the Department of Medicine of the University of Toronto (W. Campbell, A. Fletcher, D. Graham) made it possible in record time the successful treatment of patients with what was until then a deadly disease.

Keywords Pancreatic extracts · Organotherapy · Acomatol · Pancreina · Insulin · Patents

Managed by Antonio Secchi.

Alberto de Leiva-Hidalgo and Alejandra de Leiva-Pérez have

contributed equally.

Extended author information available on the last page of the article