Phenotypic Switching Resulting From Developmental Plasticity: Fixed or Reversible?

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15 8月 2026

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Author : 伤口世界

Warren W. Burggren*

Developmental Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States

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Phenotypic Switching Resulting From Developmental Plasticity: Fixed or Reversible? 2026-08-15 00:00

Warren W. Burggren*

Developmental Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
Fusobacterium nucleatum: More Than Just an Oral Anaerobe 2026-08-14 00:00

Akash Patel , Monica Patel , Joseph Glowacki

1.Internal Medicine, St. Mary Medical Center, Langhorne , USA 2. Internal Medicine, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, USA 3. Internal Medicine, Rowan University School of Medicine, Stratford, USA

Corresponding author: Akash Patel, 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。

Abstract

Fusobacterium nucleatum is a strict anaerobe that is indigenous to the human oral cavity, where it coexists with more than 500 other species. It is associated with paranasal sinus, odontogenic, and pulmonary infections. In literature, cases of Fusobacterium nucleatum are rare. Here we report a case of a patient with multiple brain abscesses caused by Fusobacterium nucleatum. This case report looks to assist clinicians in determining the true etiology of this organism, which can change patient management based on the current literature review and similar case studies.

Categories: Internal Medicine, Infectious Disease, Neurosurgery

Keywords: anaerobes of clinical importance, colon cancer surveillance, periodontal disease, brain abscess, fusobacterium nucelatum
Hypochlorous acid inactivates oral pathogens and a SARS-CoV-2-surrogate 2026-08-13 00:00

Kento Tazawa^1,2, Rutuja Jadhav¹ , Mariane Maffei Azuma¹ , J. Christopher Fenno³ , Neville J. McDonald1 and Hajime Sasaki^1*

Abstract

Background Droplets and aerosols produced during dental procedures are a risk factor for microbial and viral transmission. Unlike sodium hypochlorite, hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is nontoxic to tissues but still exhibits broad microbicidal effect. HOCl solution may be applicable as a supplement to water and/or mouthwash. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of HOCl solution on common human oral pathogens and a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate MHVA59 virus, considering the dental practice environment.

Methods HOCl was generated by electrolysis of 3% hydrochloric acid. The effect of HOCl on human oral pathogens, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Streptococcus intermedius, Parvimonas micra, and MHV A59 virus was studied from four perspectives: concentration; volume; presence of saliva; and storage. HOCl solution in different conditions was utilized in bactericidal and virucidal assays, and the minimum inhibitory volume ratio that is required to completely inhibit the pathogens was determined.

Results In the absence of saliva, the minimum inhibitory volume ratio of freshly prepared HOCl solution (45–60 ppm) was 4:1 for bacterial suspensions and 6:1 for viral suspensions. The presence of saliva increased the minimum inhibitory volume ratio to 8:1 and 7:1 for bacteria and viruses, respectively. Applying a higher concentration of HOCl solution (220 or 330 ppm) did not lead to a significant decrease in the minimum inhibitory volume ratio against S. inter-medius and P. micra. The minimum inhibitory volume ratio increases in applications of HOCl solution via the dentalunit water line. One week of storage of HOCl solution degraded HOCl and increased the minimum growth inhibition volume ratio.

Conclusions HOCl solution (45–60 ppm) is still effective against oral pathogens and SAR-CoV-2 surrogate viruses even in the presence of saliva and after passing through the dental unit water line. This study indicates that the HOCl solution can be used as therapeutic water or mouthwash and may ultimately reduce the risk of airborne infection in dental practice.

Keywords Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), Dental practice, Airborne infection, Oral pathogens, SARS-CoV-2, Disinfectant, Mouthwash, Minimum inhibitory volume ratio

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主任医师、教授、博导，南方医科大学第三附属医院（广东省骨科医院）院长

Phenotypic Switching Resulting From Developmental Plasticity: Fixed or Reversible?

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主任医师、教授、博导，南方医科大学第三附属医院（广东省骨科医院）院长

Phenotypic Switching Resulting From Developmental Plasticity: Fixed or Reversible?

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