Minseo Kang 1,† , Somin Park 2,†, So-Ri Son 2 , Yedam Noh 2 , Dae Sik Jang 2,* and Sullim Lee 1,*

1 Department of Life Science, College of Bio-Nano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea; 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。

2 Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。 (S.P.); 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。 (S.-R.S.); 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。 (Y.N.)

* Correspondence: 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。 (D.S.J.); 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。 (S.L.)

† These authors equally contributed to this work.

Abstract: Panax ginseng (Korean ginseng) is renowned for its health-promoting properties, attributed to its bioactive compounds, including saponins, polyphenols, and polysaccharides, which possess both antioxidant and anti-aging activities. This study investigated the anti-aging and antiinflammatory effects of compounds isolated from the hot water extract of fresh P. ginseng roots, evaluating their resistance to TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced skin cell damage. Among 14 compounds, ginsenoside Rf (compound 2) showed significant multi-target effects. In NHDFs, ginsenoside Rf and others effectively reduced intracellular ROS, demonstrating strong antioxidant properties. Additionally, they inhibited MMP-1 expression, a key enzyme in collagen degradation, and promoted pro-collagen Type I synthesis, countering the negative effects of TNF-α and supporting skin health. Further analysis showed that ginsenoside Rf reduced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β and IL-6, exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects. It also promoted the expression of crucial skin barrier proteins, including LOR, AQP3, FLG, and KRT1 in TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated NHEKs, enhancing skin hydration and structural integrity. These results suggest that compounds from P. ginseng roots, especially ginsenoside Rf, hold promise as skincare agents targeting skin aging and inflammation. Future research should further explore their mechanisms and optimize their applications in dermatological treatments.

Keywords: ginsenoside Rf; P. ginseng; anti-aging; anti-inflammatory; ROS; MMP-1; skin barrier; TNF-α/IFN-γ

Citation: Kang, M.; Park, S.; Son, S.-R.; Noh, Y.; Jang, D.S.; Lee, S. Anti-Aging and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Compounds from Fresh Panax ginseng Roots: A Study on TNF-α/IFN-γ- Induced Skin Cell Damage. Molecules 2024, 29, 5479. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/molecules29225479

Academic Editor: Enrique

Barrajón-Catalán

Received: 24 October 2024

Revised: 15 November 2024

Accepted: 18 November 2024

Published: 20 November 2024