Background

      Human skin and other underlying organs can be destroyed or damaged by burns [1] and categorized according to extent of damage to the body part [1]. Timely adequate resuscitation decrease both mortality and nonfatal complications associated with burn injury [1–3]. According to a WHO report of 2018, over 200-300,000 people die from fire-related burns annually, disproportionately in low and middle-income countries of African and Asian countries [4–6]. 90% of burn occurs in low and middle-income countries [7]. And also WHO 2018 report shows that around 265,000 burn-related deaths occur annually. Most of them occur in low and middleincome African and Asian countries accounting for more than 90% of death [8–11]. Death by burn injury in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) is estimated to be eleven times higher than in high-income countries as the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 43,000 people die of burns in Africa every year with a rate of 6.1 per 100,000 [12]. In the USA, one million people seek medical care for burns annually, with an estimated mortality rate of 3 – 5% [13]. Most burns occur at home, causes being due to scald and fame [14]. Different studies reported that children are most at risk for burn injuries [15–21]. Most studies highlight younger males and older females as most at risk for burn injuries [15–19,22], although some showed no clear differences between the sexes [21, 23]. Scald and contact injuries appear to be the most common [15–17, 22, 23], often as a result of bathing or cooking, however, fame injuries, as well as electrical and chemical burns, are common in some areas [21]. In the studies describing the location of the burn injuries, the extremities – particularly the upper extremities – are the most common locations for suffering burn injuries, especially in scald and contact burns. The lower extremities are more commonly affected by fame injuries [17, 21, 23]. Many studies highlight the home, particularly the kitchen, as the most common location for sustaining burn injuries [15–18, 22]. Children under the age of five who sustained burn injuries were 69% and over 70% of burns are sustained at home [24, 25]. Even if the trend of burning is decreasing in most developed nations, the problem is still on a rise in most developing countries including Ethiopia [4, 8, 26]. Mortality and morbidity are burdened more in developing countries [8–10, 26]. Each year approximately about 11 million peoples suffer from burns making almost 30,000 new burn injuries per day with an annual mortality rate of around 200,000 to 300,000 per year [8, 13]. The rate of burn-related deaths has been declining in many high-income nations, whereas it is currently nearly 7 times greater in low- and middle-income countries than in high-income ones for children [4, 13]. Non-fatal burn injuries are also a leading cause of morbidity including prolonged hospitalization, disfigurement, and disability often resulting in stigma and rejection [4, 11, 27]. In Europe, the in-hospital crude mortality ranges from 1.4% to 18% and is mostly influenced by regional economic conditions and variations in the case mix (TBSA percent) [2]. America, Eastern Medetrinian, and the Western Pacific regions, which are grouped as underdeveloped countries, account for 1.3, 0.02, and 0.6%, not even 2% combined of global mortality due to fires related death, respectively [8]. A study from a major burn center in Southwest China shows improvement from time to time as early intervention and prevention were applied. The mortality rate from the research result was 0.9 % [26]. In sub-Saharan African countries the severity and mortality rate is different in a different country with an average mortality rate of 17%, a death of one for every five burn victim [5]. In some African countries, the Mortality rate exceeds the average one. E.g. Togo 24.6% [28], Malawi 27% [29].

      The outcome of the burn depends on the age and sex of the patient, burn surface area, depth of burn, burn site, type of burn, time of arrival to the hospital, getting appropriate resuscitation, presence of comorbidities as well as presence of rehabilitative center with the trained practitioner [11, 26, 30–32]. Inhalational injury is an independent risk factor for death [31, 33]. The commonest age of burn injury is 5 -14 years with the highest mortality rate in children less than 5 years and elderly greater than 70 years [10]. A study done in Taiwan reported that those aged over 65 years constitute 13- 20% of admissions to burn units n [34]. Females in South-East Asia have the highest fire-related burn mortality rates worldwide, followed by males in Africa and females in the Eastern Mediterranean [10, 34]. Burns greater than 15% in an adult and greater than 10% in a child have a poor prognosis [4, 11]. The mortality rate is higher for those that have higher TBSA%, third rather than second-degree burn, and inhalational injury [8, 34, 35]. Developing nations show low engagement rate than developed countries, probably because other competing diseases need to be controlled [8]. Advances in critical care (fluid resuscitation, nutritional assistance, and antibiotic treatment), as well as the adoption of early burn wound excision, play a substantial role in this improved survival rate [2]. Mortality and non-fatal injuries depend on several factors including age, sex, place of residency, economic status, involved site, depth, TBSA % involved, co-morbidity, time arrival to the emergency department, pre-hospital care, and presence of trained staff in giving the appropriate level of care [1, 4, 34]. A community based study in Northern Ethiopia showed that the most commonly affected age group were children less than 10 years of age, and scald burn and domestic settings are the predominant causes and settings responsible for burns in the pediatric population, respectively [36, 37]. Different studies showed that the majority of burn patients were discharged without complication [14, 36, 38, 39]. In Ethiopia burn accounts for 1.5% to 9% of injuries in all age groups and between 4% and 15% of injuries in the pediatric population with an estimated mortality rate of 11.6% [8, 40]. The mortality rate according to a study conducted in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia was 11.6% [41]. In a rural community survey in Ethiopia, burns were the second most common injury to children under 15 years of age [13]. Research done at Bahir-dar, Ethiopia showed that 0.46% of pediatric female populations were more affected than males [42]. In Ethiopia, there is little research conducted related to burn injury and they focused on pattern and causative factors mainly, not the outcome of burn injury.

      The available information’s also somewhat incomplete [43]. After burn injuries were raised as a major health problem in the country, AaBET hospital was established to give care to burn and trauma victims 6 years ago. Since then, the hospital continued to give care to such victims. Since its establishment however published data on the outcome of burn injuries is not yet available. Therefore the significance of this study will be to assess the outcome of burn injury and its associated factor among burn patients who visited the hospital. This study is to analyze the outcome of burn injury and its associated factor among patients who visited AaBET Hospital from April 1, 2019, to march 30, 202.

Conceptual framework

      The outcome of burn injury is affected by different factors. These factors are divided into four groups. The Conceptual framework shown in the figure below helps to summarize the relationship between outcomes of burn injury with its associated factor (Fig. 1).

Methodology

Study design and period

      A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May 1, 2021, to October 31, 2021.

Study Setting

      This study was conducted in Addis Ababa Burn, Emergency, and Trauma (AaBET) hospital, located in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. AaBET hospital had a large Emergency unit labeled as a red to green area, two general ICU care setups with 11 functional beds, 3 semi-ICU beds, and a separate burn unit. All burn patients 1st visit emergency units before admission to the burn unit for completing initial resuscitation. The emergency room has 5 resuscitation beds on the red side, 12 beds on the orange, and > 12 beds in a yellow-green area in which, any patient can be treated. It also has a separate decontamination room. Emergency and ICU setup is run by the EMCC department. Interns, residents, and nursing staff under the supervision of EMCC consultants manage the patient in collaboration with other department staff. The care will be according to the patient’s needs, from routine care to advanced care. The burn unit is under the Plastic and reconstructive surgery department with 19 functional beds (7 pediatric and 12 adults). Tere are 32 nurses specially trained in burn care, 6 plastic surgeons, 5 residents, 6 General practitioners, and one dedicated operating room.

Population

Source population

      All patients visited Addis Ababa Burn, Emergency, and Trauma (AaBET) hospital from April 1, 2019, to March 31, 2021.

Study Population

      All burn patients who visited Addis Ababa Burn, Emergency and Trauma (AaBET) hospital from April 1, 2019, to March 31, 2021, meet the inclusion criteria included in

Eligibility criteria

Inclusion criteria

✓ All burn patients who visited Addis Ababa Burn, Emergency, and Trauma (AaBET) hospital from April 1, 2019, to March 31, 2021, and eligible for the study. this study.

Exclusion criteria

✓ Tose burned patients were dead bodies on arrival and not restituted in the emergency department.

✓  All inadequate or incomplete files such as the absence of age, sex, diagnosis, outcome, burn depth, burn surface area, management plan

✓ That patient left against medical advice or transferred to another hospital

✓ Tose treated on an outpatient bases

Study variables

      The dependent variable was the outcome of the burn patient (death or survival). The independent variables included socio-demographic variables, triage category, total body surface area percentage(TBSA%) burnt, depth of burn injury at admission, length of stay, Cause of burn, arrival time to ED, a complication in Stay at the hospital, and co-morbidity.

Sample size determination and sampling method

      All burn patients who visited Addis Ababa Burn, Emergency and Trauma (AaBET) Hospital from April 1, 2019, to March 31, 2021, who fulfilled inclusion criteria during the study period were included. All eligible medical records were included to get a good conclusion by using the convenience sampling method.

Data collection tools and procedures

      A data abstraction tool was prepared by the principal investigator in English by reviewing different literature to explore the objectives of the study. The sources of data were secondary data from medical records of burn victims. A structured checklist was adopted from different literature [44, 45]. Data collectors were Bachelor of Science (BSc) nurses and they were trained on the variables. The collected data were reviewed daily by the principal investigator. The questionnaire contains demographic characteristics (age, gender & address), clinical factors (cause, depth, total body surface area percentage (TBSA%) burnt, involved body part, comorbidity & associated injury), management-related factors (pre-hospital interventions, care given in hospital, early and late complications encountered and cause of death) and time-related factors (time of arrival to hospital & length of stay in emergency departments, Burn ward and intensive care units (ICU). From two-year retrospective data, from April 01, 2019, to March 31, 2021, a total of 268 patients who had visited Addis Ababa Burn, Emergency, and Trauma Hospital after sustaining burn injury were found. Of that 10 charts are lost and 6 cards are incomplete and excluded from the analysis. A total of 252 patients had completed the chart. Among them, 8 of them went against clear documented medical advice, and 3 were transferred to another hospital. So these patients were also excluded due to the difficulty of the conclusion of patient status.

Data quality control

      All data are checked for clarity, completeness, and correct recording of all the necessary information by the principal investigator. The quality of data was further ascertained during the data entry and cleaning process. A structured and standardized questionnaire developed in the English language by the principal investigator was used. It was tested for validity on 10% of charts before the start of data collection by the principal investigator.

      Data were collected by trained data collectors. They were trained by the principal investigator on when, how, and how much data should be collected with a detailed explanation of variables on questioner for a total of around 3 hours. The data source was the hospital’s information management system (HIMS) registry book (in an emergency, ICU & Burn ward), and patient chart.

Data processing and analysis

      Before data entry, the abstraction checklist is checked for completeness. All checklists were checked for completeness and Cleaned and coded data was entered into SPSS version 25.0. And also analysis of the data was conducted by using SPSS. Both descriptive and analytical statistical procedures were used to summarize the distribution of variables. Descriptive statistics like percentage, mean, and standard deviation were used for the presentation of socio-demographic data and prevalence of burns. Tables were also used for data presentation. The effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable was analyzed by using bivariable and multivariable logistic regression as well as Pearson χ2 test. All explanatory variables with a p-value of ≤ 0.2 from the bivariable logistic regression model were fitted into the multivariable logistic regression model to control the possible effect of confounders and finally, the variables which had been independent association with the outcome of the burn patient (death or survive) was identified based on OR, with 95% CI and a p-value less than 0.05 were significant. The face and content validity of the tool was examined by the researchers. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the data collection tool was 0.84 for assessing the internal consistency and reliability of the tool. Model goodness-of-ft was checked by Hosmer and Lemeshow test (0.272).

Result

Socio‑demographic characteristics

      A total of 241 patients were eligible for analysis in this study. Among 241 patient’s 132 (55.2%) patients are males and 108(44.8%) were females with a male-to-female ratio of 1.23:1. The age range of the patient was from 5 months to 77 years with a mean age of 18.22(SD -15.02) years. Adults (age 15 to 60 years) are the most affected group 132(54.8%) followed by pediatric age groups (age less than 15 years) (105, 43.6%) and elderly (age greater than 60 years) (4, 1.6%). Except for the elderly group, males predominate females in all age groups (Fig.  3). Most of the patients are from the Oromia region (123, 51%) and Addis Ababa (89, 36.9%) respectively. Others are from the Amhara region (13, 5.4%), Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ (SNNP) (9, 3.7%), Afar (3, 1.2%), Somalia (1, 0.4%), and Harari (2, 0.8) and Gamebela (1,0.4%) (Table  1). Except for SNNP males predominate over females in all-region. In Addis Ababa, the Pediatric age group predominates but in other regions, the Adult age is a predominant victim (Figs. 2 and 3).

Clinical characteristics of the burn patients Triage category and management gave at referring hospital

      But, only 54% took documented topical antibiotics application. Other service given from their primary visit area includes tetanus antitoxoid (TAT) administration (15.8 %), Oxygen administration (2.5%), and Compartment release (3.5%) (Table 2).

Causes, depth, and Extent of burn injury

      Scald burn was the major cause (94, 39%) followed by fame burn (81, 33.6%), electrical burn (64, 26.6%), and chemical burn (2, 0.8%). But, Contac burn was not observed in the study. Scald burn was more common in the pediatric age group than in adults by a 3:1 ratio. The electrical burn was caused more in the adult age group with a ratio of adult to pediatric 6.7:1. Flame burns also affected adults more than pediatrics by a 2:1 ratio. Elderly’s burn was caused by fame (3, 75%) and Electrical (1, 25%) burn. Scald and electrical burns were the most common cause of burn-in males while the Flame burn was a major cause of burn-in female patients. Electrical burn is disproportionately encountered in the adult age group and male patients. The chemical burn was observed only in adult age group female patients. Both the sex and age of the patient significantly correlate with the cause of the burn (p: < .001). Most burn victims had second-degree superficial (96, 39.8%) followed by Full thickness (77, 32%), second-degree deep (67, 27.8%), and first-degree burn (1, 0.4%). Pediatric age groups mostly experienced second-degree superficial (56, 53.3%) followed by second-degree deep (30, 28.6%), full-thickness (18, 17.1%), and First-degree burn (1, 1%). Most adults had full-thickness burn (56, 42.4%), followed by second degree superficial (40, 30.3%) and second-degree deep (36, 27.3%). Elderlies encountered full-thickness (3, 75%) and second-degree deep burn (1, 25%) only. The age of the patient had a significant association with the depth of the burn (p<.001). The median TBSA% was 10.5% with a mean of 15.49%, a standard deviation (SD) of 13.78%, and a range from 1% to 64%. Most burn patients had < 10 % (119, 49.4%), followed by 10 to 20% (60, 24.9%), 20 to 30% (31, 12.9%), and > 30% (31, 12.9%). In all age groups pattern is the same as percentages of categorized classes but adult age groups had a higher proportion for a burn with >30% of TBSA% than other age groups. Age has a significant association with the extent of burn (p- .003). Scald burns had a higher proportion of second-degree superficial burns (59, 61.7%) but fame and electrical burns had more full-thickness burns (31, 40.3%) and (40, 51.3%) respectively). The commonest extent of the burn in all types of burn was TBSA% of less than 10% but Flame burns cause more > than 30% of TBSA% burn than scald and electrical in a ratio of almost 2:1. Cause of burn had a significant association with Depth of burn (p<.001) as well as Extent of burn injury (p=0.003) (Table 3).

Anatomic locations of burn injuries

      The upper extremity is the most affected body part and is involved in 63.1% of followed by the Lower extremity (56%), anterior trunk (45.6%), face (24.5%), posterior trunk (21.6%), neck (17.8%), Head (12.4%) and genitalia (5%). In 73% of the case, there is the involvement of two or more body parts involvement. 6.2% of patients had associated inhalational injuries.

Associated injury and comorbidity

      Twelve burn victims (5 %) had associated injuries which 3 people (1.2 %) had blunt chest trauma with hemothorax, 3 people (1.2%) had extremity fractures (1 femoral shaft and 2 clavicular fracture) and 6 (2.5%) had a mild head injury(1 victim had minimal subdural hematoma). 7.5% of all burn victims had comorbidity epilepsy prevalent in 13 patients (5.4%). Other comorbidities include pregnancy (3, 1.2%), hypertension (HTN) (2, 0.8%), psychiatric illness (2, 0.8%), diabetes mellitus (DM), and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) (1, 0.4% each).

Management and outcome at the emergency

      About 97.1 % of the patient took analgesia and wound care at the emergency unit. Other care given includes fluid resuscitation for about 46.5%, TAT for 24.9%, endotracheal intubation for 3.3%, wound debridement for 1.7%, fasciotomy for 2.1%, and Iv antibiotics for 21.2% of patients are given in emergency department. One patient require dialysis but was not done because it was not available as well can’t transfer the patient to a dialysis-capable center because the patient was hemodynamically unstable. The mean length of stay of the patient was 39.4 hours with minimum disposal within one hour and a maximum stay of 21 days. Most of the patients were admitted to the ward (206, 85.5%) and ICU (12, 5%). 22 patients (9.1%) were discharged but 1 patient (0.4%) died in an emergency.

Management and outcome in ICU and burn ward

      Of 13 patients (including one patient from the burn ward) Admitted to ICU 8 was died and 5 transferred to the burn ward with improvement. The mean length of stay in the ICU was 13.05 days (ranging from a minimum of 17 hours to a maximum of 78 days). Among 211 patients admitted to the burn ward: 12 (5.7%) patients continue fluid resuscitation, 78(37%) took IV Antibiotics and all patients took Analgesia and had wound care according to their needs (every other day, once daily, two times per day or three times per day). The mean length of stay for a patient admitted to the burn ward is 39.6 days (range a minimum of 1 day to a maximum of 175 days). 167 (79.1%) patients are discharged without complication, 36(17.1%) patients are discharged with documented complications, 1 patient (0.5%) was admitted to ICU, and 7(3.3%) patients died from the burn unit. Overall, among all burn patients visited during the designed study period, surgical interventions were undergone for 121 (50.2%) patients. Among surgical interventions, a skin graft was done for 106 (44%), wound debridement for 42 (17.4%), tissue fap for 17(7.1%), contracture release for 15(6.2%), and fasciotomy done for 5 (2.1%).

Early Complications during a hospital stay

      36.1 % of burn victims developed at least one early complication. The top complication was burn wound site infection (30.7%). Others include Burn wound sepsis (22%), hospital-acquired pneumonia (10%), Septic shock (6.2%), catheter-associated urinary tract infection (4.6%), respiratory failure (4.1%), hospital-acquired infection of unknown origin (1.7%), arrhythmia (1.7%), COVID-19 infection (1.7%) and bedsore (1.2%). 26.1% of burn victims developed anemia with a hemoglobin level of less than 10 g/dl. Concerning electrolyte imbalance hyponatremia was the commonest finding among those who had electrolyte determination (37.5 %,), hypokalemia in 18.4%, hyperkalemia in 8.2%, and hypernatremia in 10.1% are also found. Creatinine greater than 1.2 (highest lab value) was found in 6.2% of burn victims.

Time‑related factors

      The earliest time patient presented to the hospital was 30 minutes and the latest time is 120 days with a median of 12 hours. Only 25.7% of burn patients come in the first 24 hours of the period post-burn accident. Length of stay in hospital ranged from 2 hours to 177 days with mean & SD of 37 days and 34.2 days respectively. Length of stay of fewer than 20 days had the highest mortality.

Factors associated with the outcomes of burn

     In General, of 241 burn patients 189(78.4%) were discharged without complications, 36(14.9%) were Discharged with complications and 16(6.6%) died. The commonest long-term complication is the Amputation of the extremity (19, 7.9%) followed by contracture (14, 5.8%) and Hypertrophic Scar of skin graft or wound (3, 1.2%). Of all death, septic shock was identified as the immediate cause of death in 8 patients (50%) followed by multi-organ dysfunction in 4 patients (25%), Respiratory failure in 3 patients (18.8%), and arrhythmia in 1 patient (6.3%). In a bivariate analysis of adult and old age, burn TBSA% of 20 to 30% and greater than 30%, time-lapse 72 hours before arrival to the hospital, early complication while in hospital stay, associated injury, and length of stay less than 20 days are significantly associated with p-value <0.2. When the multivariable analysis was done TBSA% of greater than 30% and age greater than 60 were the only variable associated with a p-value of < 0.05. TBSA% > 30% increased the mortality rate by 8.7 times and age > 60 years increased mortality by 2.2 times than its counterparts (Table 4).

Discussion

      Our study conducted a review for two consecutive years (from April 1, 2019, to March 31, 2021) on the outcome of burn injury, Most burn victims were Adults whose age range is from 15 to 60 years, which accounts for about 54.7% of the study population. This is comparable to a study done by S.Triphate & S.J.Basenet, Nepal, India which accounts for about 65.4% [46]Predominance of adult age is also described in South Africa and Singapore. The predominance can be explained by the fact that they are the most active groups and are exposed to hazardous environments both at home and at the workplace. In this study males also predominate females with a male-to-female ratio of 1.23:1. The result is consistent with the study of N.A. Forbinake, Cameroon, which consists of 68.3% [47]. The reason may be males are more participants in hazardous workplaces like industries with faulty electrical wires Adults and boys are more active than girls in the pediatric age group. Since the workplace and events during the accident were difficult to access due to the nature of the study and not assessed in this study, we couldn’t conclude specifically. A contemporary, study done by Tesfaye Mulat, Yekatit 12, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia shows female predominance which consists 64.5 % [48]as well by S.Triphate & S.J.Basenet, Nepal which accounts for 55.6 % [46]. This study is explained by the fact that females are predominantly involved in household activities that strongly correlate with fire and hot liquids like cooking and baking. On top of that, they usually handle fire in relatively open spaces [46, 49].

      The most frequent cause of injury is scald which accounts for 39% followed by Flame, Electrical and chemical burn (33.6%, 26.8%, and 0.8% respectively). This result was also shown in a study by Tesfaye Mulat, Yekatit 12 hospital but according to S.J.Basenet, Nepal, India Flame was the commonest cause [46, 48, 50]. The variety could be due to population distribution and cultural variation. Scald burn is the number one cause in the pediatric population but adults are affected more by electrical and fame burns. Electrical burn currently shifts epidemiology from previous studies [51]. Usually Male is more affected than a female with a male-to-female ratio of 6.1:1 and adults are more prone than pediatrics with a ratio of 6.7:1. The children’s attitude in playing (stay) at home or in the kitchen with their mother or guardians where drinks and liquid foods are being prepared with inadequate supervision and inability to protect themselves may explain why scald commonest in children. Electrical burn as described earlier, work area exposed male adults are most commonly affected [46, 47, 49, 52]. Moreover, fame burn injuries were the second most common (33.6%) frequent cause of burn injury in this study. It accounts for 75% of elderly’s burns and is the most common cause of burn-in in Female patients with a ratio of females to males of 2.3:1. Asa described earlier working environment will explain it well [6, 53].

      The median TBSA% was 10.5% with a mean of 15.49%, SD of 13.78%, and a range from 1- 64%. It is slightly lower than the study done by Tesfaye Mulat, Yekatit 12 Hospital, Addis Ababa, in which the mean was 17.2% [48]. TBSA %< 10 % is the most common accounting almost for half of the cases (49.4%) and higher than the study of Frehiwot Girma, Bahirdar Ethiopia, in which total body surface area was mean of 12.56 and SD OF 8.91% [49, 52]. Higher TBSA% (>20%) is more observed on fame burn than others [49]. Tis may be due to the nature of the offending agent and the duration of contact with it. A study by Aditya Wardhana, Indonesia shows that the mean TBSA% was 26.7% (range from 0.5% to 100%). This could be due to most patients’ sustained fame burn (50%) [54]. The most observed degree of burn is superficial second-degree burn accounting for 39.4%. Pediatric age groups encountered more superficial second-degree burns while adults and the elderly commonly full thickness burns. This could be due to cause of the degree of burn, in which, scald more cause first-degree burn and second-degree superficial while fame and electrical burn cause full thickness & Second degree burn [40, 43, 53, 55].

      The upper extremity is the most affected body part and is involved in 63.1% of followed by the Lower extremity (56%), anterior trunk (45.6%), face (24.5%), posterior trunk (21.6%), neck (17.8%), Head (12.4%) and Genitalia (5%). In 73% of the case, there is the involvement of two or more body parts involvement. This is higher but consistent in part involved from a study done in another region of Ethiopia like 43.3% in a study of Frehiwot Girma, Bahirdar, Ethiopia [49] and 45.4% in a study Sielu Alemayehu, Ayder, Mekele, Ethiopia [3]. This could be due to the nature of an offending agent and personal response to the circumstance of events. Twelve burn victims (5 %) had associated injuries in which 3 people (1.2 %) had blunt chest trauma with hemothorax, 3 people (1.2%) had extremity fractures (1 femoral shaft and 2 clavicular fracture) and 6 (2.5%) had a mild head injury(1 victim had minimal subdural hematoma). 7.5% of all burn victims had comorbidity epilepsy prevalent in 13 patients (5.4%). Other comorbidities include pregnancy (3, 1.2%), hypertension (2, 0.8%), psychiatric illness (2, 0.8%), diabetes mellitus, and retroviral infection (1, 0.4% each). Epilepsy is mentioned in various types of research as the commonest comorbidity in 5.6% in a study of S.Triphate & S.J.Basenet, Nepal, 4.1% in a study of Aditya Wardhana, Indonesia, and 7.8 % in frehiwot Girma, Bahirdar, Ethiopia [46, 49, 54]. This could be due risky nature of the disease to end up with a fall at an unsafe place including on causative agents of burn.

      Most of the patients come to this hospital by referral system. Among them, 75.6% of patients received some sort of treatment which include, Resuscitation fluid, analgesia, wound care, oxygen administration, fasciotomy, or a combination of them. Gaps are observed in handling the patient, starting available appropriate treatment, and documentation as well as delays in the referral system. This could affect most unstable patients in getting definite management. A similar problem is faced in other countries like Indonesia (according to Aditya Wardhana study), in which, patients wait for a longer time to get a referral to a territory center where the subspecialists are available [54]. This is due to the scarcity of facilities as well as equipment and manpower faced by most developing countries.

      In our hospital, all patients had been given necessary routine care but 50% of them needed advanced care including endotracheal intubation and other surgical intervention. According to endotracheal intubation (8, 3.3%), skin graft (106, 44 %), wound debridement (44, 17.1%), tissue fap (17, 7.1%), contracture release (15, 6.2%) and fasciotomy (5. 2.1%) had been done. When comparing to the study of Tesfaye Mulat, Yekatit 12 hospital, Addis Ababa, a surgical operation done here was low. According to this study, 74.7% of patients had delayed splint skin grafts. This may be due to the low sample size (121), the nature of the burn, or improvement in the care of the patient in our hospital [48].

      Thirty six point one (36.1%) of burn victims develop at least one early complication while staying in this hospital. The top complication was burn wound site infection (30.7%) and Burn wound sepsis (22%) followed by Anemia of hemoglobin less than 10 g/dl ( 26.1%), hospital acquired pneumonia HAP (10%), Septic shock (6.2%), CAUTI (4.6%), respiratory failure (4.1%), hospital acquired infection of unknown origin (1.7%), arrhythmia (1.7%), COVID 19 infection (1.7%) and Bedsore (1.2%). hyponatremia in 37.5 %, Hypokalemia in 18.4%, hyper kalemia in 8.2%, and hypernatremia in 10.1% are the most encountered electrolyte abnormality. 6.2% had a Creatinine of > 1.2g/dl which possibly suggests acute kidney injury. This result is consistent with the study done by N.A. Forbinake in Cameroon [47].

      After all, 241 burn patients 189(78.4%) were discharged without complications, 36(14.9%) were Discharged with complications and 16(6.6%) died. The commonest longterm complication is amputation of the extremity (19, 7.9%) followed by contracture (14, 5.8%) and hypertrophic Scar of skin graft or wound (3, 1.2%). The death rate is improved from Tesfaye Mulat study in Yekatit 12, which was 11.6% as well in most African countries like Cameroon (N.A. Forbinake study, 23.4%) [47], Malawi (G. Virich study, 26.4%) [56, 57], Nigeria(A.O. Olandele and J.K Olabanji study, 26%) [58] and some Asian country like Indonesia (Aditya Wardhana study, 24%) [54] and Nepal (S.Triphate & S.J.Basenet study, 25.4%) [46]. Of all death, septic shock was identified as the immediate cause of death in 8 patients (50%) followed by multi-organ dysfunction (MOD) in 4 patients (25%), respiratory failure in 3 patients (18.8%), and arrhythmia in 1 patient (6.3%). Tere is agreed data from Nepal and Cameroon with the commonest cause of death as septicemia with septic shock followed by MOD, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) as well acute renal failure, and severe anemia [46, 47].

      In General, in this study, of 241 burn patients 189(78.4%) were discharged without complications, 36(14.9%) were discharged with complications and 16(6.6%) died. This is comparable with those conducted in East Africa (7.1%) [59], and Mekele (6.0%) [60]. However, it is higher than studies conducted in the USA at 0.85% [61], Nigeria at 3.8% [39], Egypt at 2.5% [62], Iraq (4.7 %) [63], Dutch (3.2%) [64], Turkey (3.8%) [65], and Pakistan 2.35% [66]. The discrepancy might be explained by the lack of infrastructure, ambulance service, and health facilities in our study setting. This discrepancy might also be due to the lack of burn unit centers in our study setting, and the lack of trained and experienced health professionals dedicated to the care of burn patients compared to the mentioned studies [65]. The finding in this study is lower than a study conducted in Ghana (21.3%) [67], and Tanzania (11.7%) [68]. This discrepancy might be due to the difference in socio-demographic characteristics, and due to the reason that studies in mentioned countries were conducted in tertiary hospitals which are prone to have overflows of burn patients throughout their country and increases the rate of mortality in the hospitals [67, 69, 70]. On the other hand, in our study-setting complex and complicated burn cases are referred to in another area, which might decrease the mortality rate in the study setting.

      According to this study in multivariable logistic regression analysis, age > 60 years and TBSA% greater than 30% were significantly associated with burn mortality. The odds of mortality among burn patients were 2.206 times higher among burn patients aged> 60 years than those aged < 15 years [AOR=2.206 (95% CI, 1.323-3.69)]. This study is similar to different studies which showed that the mortality risk was higher in older patients [71, 72]. Natural age advancement impairs wound healing significantly and makes aged burn patients more prone to infections and associated complications and worsens the clinical outcome [73]. Older persons are affected by burns and the resources required to meet their needs may be higher due to their long periods of hospitalization [74].

      Regarding the extent of burn injury, the risk of mortality among burn patients was 8.72 times higher in burn patients who had TBSA% greater than 30 than those who had TBSA<10% [AOR =8.72 (95% CI, 1.32-57.33)]. The bigger the burn, the greater the risk of the subsequent burn wound and systemic infections, which are directly associated with increased morbidity and mortality [75, 76]. In this study total body surface area, greater than 30% of burn was times more likely (AOR 8.72; 95% CI 1.32– 57.33) to die compared to less than 10% burn area. This study is consistent with the study done in South Gondar zone government hospitals [77], and Bahir Dar, Ethiopia [78]. Tis is supported by the scientific evidence of those who have a larger body surface area of burn are prone to complex fluid shifts, including system-wide extravasation of fluids into unburned tissues. This results in resultant intravascular hypervolemia which can produce ischemia to body organs, lactic acidosis, and eventual cardiovascular collapse [79, 80], which increases the risk of mortality and complications.

Strengths and limitations of the study Strength

      Since there was no published study from AaBET hospital since the start of the hospital, it will give information about the overall burn patient outcome. Furthermore, it will help to identify gaps and give a solution for them.

Limitations

      Since the study was a retrospective documentary review, there were challenges like incomplete documentation at all sites of care( like subsequent day-to-day progress of the patients), an inconsistent subsequent clinical feature of the patient, ineligible handwriting, and no or unclear information for some variables( type of analgesia, amount and dosage of fluid taken at pre-hospital levels). Due to the nature of the study, information gathered by taking history, doing a physical examination, or simple observations are missed (like socioeconomic status, housing condition, circumstance while the event occurs, etc.….)

Conclusion

      The commonest cause of burn was scald burn. Electrical burns and fame burns are more common in adult and elderly age groups. Extremities were by far, the commonest affected body parts. The mortality rate decreased significantly from previous studies. But, disability up on discharge remains high. The extent of burn injury and the age of the patient independently predict the mortality of the patient. Therefore, timely identification and monitoring of burn injury should be necessary to prevent the mortality of burn victims, and it is highly recommended to give priority to preventive measures and improve prehospital care service.

Recommendation

      Overall the mortality rate shows a decrement from previous studies as compared to a study done at another site. But burning is still a burden for our countries. To decrease mortality and morbidity, we recommend the following;

To health professionals

➢ I recommend early and timely aggressive resuscitation with an early referral habit where the best care will be given to the patient. Clear documentation at each level of care and possibly teach epileptic patients to avoid unsafe work environments and proper medication use.

To researchers

➢ I also recommend the need for further community-based studies that determine the risk factor, severity of burn injuries, the outcome, and quality of care given at health institutions prospectively with good overall supervision.

To the Ministry of Health and regional health bureau

➢ Time is sensitive for burn victim patients. There should be adequately trained personnel experienced in the management of burn patients. I highly recommend opening well-equipped, both in terms of material and trained personnel, burn units across all regional states. This hopefully will improve the quality of care, and decrease the chance of mortality and disability.

Abbreviations AaBET: Addis Ababa Burn, Emergency And Trauma Hospital; AOR: Adjusted odds ratio; BMS: Burn Model System; CI: Confidence Interval; COR: Crude Odds Ratio; ED: Emergency department; EMCC: Emergency medicine and critical care; GC: Gregorian calendar; HAI: Hospital-acquired infection; HAP: HospitalAcquired Pneumonia; HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus; HIMS: Health Information Medical Record System; ICU: Intensive care unit; IRB: Institutional Review Board; NDSC: National Data and Statistical Center; NIDRR: National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research; SD: Standard Deviation; SPHMMC: Saint Paul Hospital Millennium Medical College; Spo2: Pulse Oximeter Oxygen Saturation; SPSS: Statistical Package For Social Science; TBSA: Total Body Surface Area; LMICs: Low- And Middle-Income Countries; WHO: World Health Organization; BSc: Bachelor of Science; OR: Odd Ratio; CI: Confidence Interval; TAT: Tetanus Antitoxoid; DM: Diabetes Mellitus; HTN: Hypertension; MOD: Multi-organ dysfunction.

Acknowledgment First of all, we would like to thank the SPHMMC Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care for accepting my research topic and giving me a greater opportunity to practice this clinical research. We would like to thank AaBET HIMS coordinators who gave me the HIMS registry book that helped me to collect data and all staff who works in the medical record-keeping room.

Authors’ contributions

DM: conceived and designed the study, analyzed and interprets the data, and wrote the manuscript; Bz and AZ advised the whole research paper, revised the proposal, data analysis, and interpretation; BT and BL were involved in the interpretation of the data and contributed to manuscript preparation. All authors reviewed the manuscript. The author(s) read and approved the fi

Funding  

None

Availability of data and materials

All data about this study are contained and presented in this document.

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

      Ethical clearance and approval were obtained from St. Paulo’s hospital millennium medical college SPHMMC research review committee. Upon this clearance, additional written permission to conduct the study on medical records of burn patients was obtained from the coordinator of Addis Ababa burn, emergency, and trauma hospital. Written informed consent was obtained for ages above 18 years and married study participants and informed consent was obtained from the parent or guardian of study participants under 18 years of age: after they were briefed about the objectives of the research and confidentiality of the information gathered. Confidentiality of information was maintained through refrain from recording the patient’s name on the used chart and keeping data anonymous. The information didn’t use other than the study purpose. All methods were carried out following relevant guidelines and regulations, and informed consent was obtained from all concerned subjects in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing of interests

The authors declare no competing interest.

Author details

1 Department of internal medicine, School of medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. 2 Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, St Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 3 Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. 4 Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.BOX 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.

Received: 4 September 2022 Accepted: 28 November 2022

Published online :09 December 2022

References

1. Tintinalli J. Tintinallis emergency medicine A comprehensive study guide. McGraw-Hill Education. 2015.

2. Pompermaier L. Outcome of burn care: the mortality perspective. Linköping University Electronic Press. 2017.

3. Alemayehu S, Afera B, Kidanu K, Belete T. Management Outcome of Burn Injury and Associated Factors among Hospitalized Children at Ayder Referral Hospital, Tigray, Ethiopia. International journal of pediatrics.

2020;2020:9136256.

4. WHO. Burns-WHO | World Health Organization. 2018.

5. Nthumba PM. Burns in sub-Saharan Africa: a review. Burns J Int Soc Burn Injuries. 2016;42(2):258–66.

6. WHO. Burns-WHO | World Health Organization. 2018.

7. Peck MDJB. Epidemiology of burns throughout the world Part I: Distribution and risk factors. Burns. 2011;37(7):1087–100.

8. Stokes M, Johnson W. Burns in the Third World: an unmet need. Ann Burns Fire Disasters. 2017;30(4):243.

9. Tripathee S, Basnet SJ. Epidemiology of burn injuries in Nepal: a systemic review. Burns Trauma. 2017;5:10.

10. Injuries WHO, Department VP, Organization WH, Injuries WHODo, Prevention V. The injury chart book: a graphical overview of the global burden of injuries: World Health Organization. 2002.

11. Forbinake NA, Ohandza CS, Fai KN, Agbor VN, Asonglefac BK, Aroke D, et al. Mortality analysis of burns in a developing country: a CAMEROONIAN experience. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1–6.

12. Mock C, Peck M, Peden M, Krug E, Organization WHOJGWH. A WHO plan for burn prevention and care. 2008.

13. Up-date 2018. https://free-uptodate.ir/d/search.htm?s=Up-To-date+2018.

14. Jeschke MG, Chinkes DL, Finnerty CC, Kulp G, Suman OE, Norbury WB,et al. The pathophysiologic response to severe burn injury. Ann Surg. 2008;248(3):387.

15. Courtright P, Haile D, Kohls E. The epidemiology of burns in rural Ethiopia. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1993;47(1):19–22.

16. Forjuoh SN, Keyl PM, Diener-West M, Smith GS, Guyer B. Prevalence and age-specific incidence of burns in Ghanaian children. J Trop Pediatr. 1995;41(5):273–7.

17. Forjuoh SN, Guyer B, Smith GS. Childhood burns in Ghana: epidemiological characteristics and home-based treatment. Burns. 1995;21(1):24–8.

18. Forjuoh SN, Guyer B, Strobino DM, Keyl PM, Diener-West M, Smith GS, et al. Risk factors for childhood burns: a case-control study of Ghanaian children. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1995;49(2):189–93.

19. Wong JM, Nyachieo DO, Benzekri NA, Cosmas L, Ondari D, Yekta S, et al. Sustained high incidence of injuries from burns in a densely populated urban slum in Kenya: an emerging public health priority. Burns. 2014;40(6):1194–200.

20. Barnes B, Moiloa K. Domestic energy use, time activity patterns and risk of burns amongst children less than five years of age in rural South Africa: short research report. Africa Safe Promot. 2004;2(2):28–34.

21. Roman IM, Lewis ER, Kigwangalla HA, Wilson ML. Child burn injury in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: results from a community survey. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot. 2012;19(2):135–9.

22. Nega KE, Lindtjørn B. Epidemiology of burn injuries in Mekele Town, Northern Ethiopia: a community based study. Ethiop J Health Dev. 2002;16(1):1–7.

23. Wong EG, Groen RS, Kamara TB, Stewart K-A, Cassidy LD, Samai M, et al. Burns in Sierra Leone: a population-based assessment. Burns. 2014;40(8):1748–53.

24. Stokes M, Johnson W. Burns in the Third World: an unmet need. Ann Burns Fire Disasters. 2017;30(4):243.

25. Nthumba PM. Burns in sub-Saharan Africa: a review. Burns. 2016;42(2):258–66.

26. Li H, Yao Z, Tan J, Zhou J, Li Y, Wu J, et al. Epidemiology and outcome analysis of 6325 burn patients: a five-year retrospective study in a major burn center in Southwest China. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1–9.

27. Rybarczyk MM, Schafer JM, Elm CM, Sarvepalli S, Vaswani PA, Balhara KS, et al. A systematic review of burn injuries in low-and middle-income countries: epidemiology in the WHO-defined African Region. Africa J Emerg Med. 2017;7(1):30–7.

28. Amouzou KS, Kouevi-Koko TE, Egbohou P, Tchetike P, Hounmenou AKF. Epidemiology and outcomes of in-hospital acute burn-patients in Togo: A retrospective analysis. Burns Open. 2019;3(4):141–6.

29. Samuel J, Campbell E, Mjuweni S, Muyco A, Cairns B, Charles A. The epidemiology, management, outcomes and areas for improvement of burn care in central Malawi: an observational study. J Int Med Res. 2011;39(3):873–9.

30. Hudson A, Al Youha S, Samargandi OA, Paletz J. Pre-existing psychiatric disorder in the burn patient is associated with worse outcomes. Burns. 2017;43(5):973–82.

31. Lundgren RS, Kramer CB, Rivara FP, Wang J, Heimbach DM, Gibran NS, et al. Influence of comorbidities and age on outcome following burn injury in older adults. J Burn Care Res. 2009;30(2):307–14.

32. Dries DJ. Management of burn injuries–recent developments in resuscitation, infection control and outcomes research. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2009;17(1):1–13.

33. Xia ZF, Zhu F, Sun Y, editors. Burn and Trauma Associated Lung Injury. Springer Singapore, Imprint: Springer; 2020.

34. Huang S-B, Chang W-H, Huang C-H, Tsai C-H. Management of elderly burn patients. Int J Gerontol. 2008;2(3):91–7.

35. Tarim MA. Factors affecting mortality in burn patients admitted to intensive care unit. East J Med. 2013;18(2):72.

36 Alemayehu S, Afera B, Kidanu K, Belete T. Management outcome of burn injury and associated factors among hospitalized children at ayder referral hospital, Tigray. Ethiopia Int J Pediatr. 2020;2020:9136256.

37. Ready FL, Gebremedhem YD, Worku M, Mehta K, Eshte M, GoldenMerry YL, et al. Epidemiologic shifts for burn injury in Ethiopia from 2001 to 2016: implications for public health measures. Burns. 2018;44(7):1839–43.

38. Karimi H, Motevalian SA, Momeni M, Safari R, Ghadarjani M. Etiology, outcome and mortality risk factors in children burn. Surg Sci. 2015;6(02):42.

39. Fadeyibi I, Mustapha I, Ibrahim N, Faduyile F, Faboya M, Jewo P, et al. Characteristics of paediatric burns seen at a tertiary centre in a low income country: a five year (2004–2008) study. Burns. 2011;37(3):528–34.

40. Ogada EA, Gebreab AH, Potokar TS. Review of the epidemiology of burn injuries in Ethiopia; implications for study design and prevention. Burns Open. 2019;3(3):75–82.

41. Mulat T, Salemark LO. Description of patients admitted to a burn unit of Yekatit 12 Hosptial, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J. 2006;44(4):369–75.

42. Gessesse FG. Retrospective Study on Outcome of Burn Injury and Associated Factors among Children at Felegehiwot Referral Hospital, Bahirdar Town, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia, 2017: Addis Ababa University.

43. Tarim MA. Factors afecting mortality in burn patients admitted to intensive care unit. East J Med. 2013;18(2):72.

44. Tyson AF, Gallaher J, Mjuweni S, Cairns BA, Charles AG. The effect of seasonality on burn incidence, severity and outcome in Central Malawi. Burns. 2017;43(5):1078–82.

45. Ringo Y, Chilonga K. Burns at KCMC: epidemiology, presentation, management and treatment outcome. Burns. 2014;40(5):1024–9.

46. Tripathee S, Basnet SJ. Epidemiology and outcome of hospitalized burns patients in tertiary care center in Nepal: Two year retrospective study. Burns Open. 2017;1(1):16–9.

47. Forbinake NA, Ohandza CS, Fai KN, Agbor VN, Asonglefac BK, Aroke D, et al. Mortality analysis of burns in a developing country: a CAMEROONIAN experience. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1269.

48. Ilori IU, Kalu QN. Intensive care admissions and outcome at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. J Crit Care. 2012;27(1):105.e1-. e4.

49. Agalu A, Woldie M, Ayele Y, Bedada W. Reasons for admission and mortalities following admissions in the intensive care unit of a specialized hospital, in Ethiopia. Int J Med Med Sci. 2014;6(9):195–200.

50 Mulat T. Description of patients admitted to a burn unit of Yekatit 12 Hosptial, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 2016.

51. Ready FL, Gebremedhem YD, Worku M, Mehta K, Eshte M, GoldenMerry YL, et al. Epidemiologic shifts for burn injury in Ethiopia from 2001 to 2016: Implications for public health measures. Burns. 2018;44(7):1839–43.

52. Friehiwot GG. Retrospective Study on Outcome of Burn Injury and Associated Factors among Children at Felegehiwot Referral Hospital, Bahirdar Town, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia, 2017: Addis Ababa University. 2017.

53. Gidey K, Hailu A, Bayray A. Pattern and outcome of medical intensive care unit admissions to ayder comprehensive specialized hospital in tigray, ethiopia. Ethiop Med J. 2018;56(1).

54. Wardhana A, Basuki A, Prameswara ADH, Rizkita DN, Andarie AA, Canintika AF. The epidemiology of burns in Indonesia’s national referral burn center from 2013 to 2015. Burns Open. 2017;1(2):67–73.

55. Bolaji B, Kolawole I. The intensive care unit of the university teaching hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria: A ten year review (1991–2001). South Africa J Anaesth Analg. 2005;11(4):146–50.

56. Greene S, Dargan PI, Jones AL. Acute poisoning: understanding 90% of cases in a nutshell. Postgrad Med J. 2005;81(954):204–16.

57. Samuel JC, Campbell EL, Mjuweni S, Muyco A, Cairns B, Charles A. The epidemiology, management, outcomes and areas for improvement of burn care in central Malawi: an observational study. J Int Med Res.

2011;39(3):873.

58. Tessema HG, Lema GF, Mesfn N, Fentie DY, Arefaynie NR. Admission pattern, Clinical outcomes and associated factors among patients admitted in medical intensive care unit at University of Gondar Comprehensive and specialized hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019 A retrospective crosssectional study. 2019.

59. Chelidze KI, Lim CC, Peck RN, Giiti G, Leahy N, Rabbitts A, et al. Predictors of mortality among pediatric burn patients in East Africa. J Burn Care Res. 2016;37(2):e154–60.

60. Kidanu M, Amdesilasie F, Kassa A, Tadelle Y, Befekadu M. Patterns of Burn Injuries in Ayder comprehensive specialized hospital: a 5-year retrospective study, Mekelle, Ethiopia. East Afr J Health Sci. 2019;1(1):17–27.

61. Kidanu M, Amdesilasie F, Kassa A, Tadelle Y, Befekadu M. Patterns of Burn Injuries in Ayder comprehensive specialized hospital: a 5-year retrospective study, Mekelle Ethiopia. East Afr J Health Sci. 2019;1(1):17–27.

62. Labib JR, Shalaby SF. Epidemiology and outcomes of pediatric burn injuries in Cairo University Hospital-Egypt. Br J Med Med Res. 2014;4(4):1056–68.

63. Babakir-Mina M. Characteristics of burn injury and factors in relation to infection among pediatric patients. MOJ Gerontol Geriatr. 2017;1(3).

64. Dokter J, Felix M, Krijnen P, Vloemans JF, van Baar ME, Tuinebreijer WE, et al. Mortality and causes of death of Dutch burn patients during the period 2006–2011. Burns. 2015;41(2):235–40.

65. Saritas A, Cakir ZG, Akçay MN, Kandis H, Ersunan G, Oztürk G, et al. Predictors of mortality in childhood burns: An 8-year review. J Child Health Care. 2014;18(1):84–95.

66. Saaiq M. Epidemiology and outcome of childhood electrical burn injuries at Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Islamabad, Pakistan. J Burn Care Res. 2016;37(2):e174–80.

67. Agbenorku P, Agbenorku M, Fiifi-Yankson PK. Pediatric burns mortality risk factors in a developing country’s tertiary burns intensive care unit. Int J Burns Trauma. 2013;3(3):151.

68. Ujino-Ihara T, Taguchi Y, Moriguchi Y, Tsumura Y. An efcient method for developing SNP markers based on EST data combined with high resolution melting (HRM) analysis. BMC Res Notes. 2010;3(1):1–5.

69. Sanyang E, Peek-Asa C, Young T, Fuortes L. Child supervision and burn outcome among admitted patients at major trauma hospitals in the Gambia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(8):856.

70. Samuel JC, Campbell EL, Mjuweni S, Muyco AP, Cairns BA, Charles AG. The epidemiology, management, outcomes and areas for improvement of burn care in central Malawi: an observational study. J Int Med Res.2011;39(3):873–9.

71. Caetano P, Brandão C, Campos I, Tão J, Laíns J, Cabral L. Aging and burn: a five-year retrospective study in a major burn centre in Portugal. Ann Burns Disasters. 2018;31(3):163.

72. Goei H, van Baar ME, Dokter J, Vloemans J, Beerthuizen GIJM, Middelkoop E, van der Vlies KH. Dutch Burn Repository group. Burns in the elderly: a nationwide study on management and clinical outcomes. Burns Trauma. 2020;8:tkaa027. https://doi.org/10.1093/burnst/tkaa027.

73. Rani M, Schwacha MG. Aging and the pathogenic response to burn. Aging Dis. 2012;3(2):171.

74. Bayuo J, Botchway AE. Burns among older persons: A narrative review. Burns Open. 2017;1(1):2–8.

75. Santaniello JM, Luchette FA, Esposito TJ, Gunawan H, Reed RL, Davis KA, Gamelli RL. Ten year experience of burn, trauma, and combined burn/trauma injuries comparing outcomes. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2004;57(4):696–701.

76. Sheridan RL. Evaluating and managing burn wounds. Dermatol Nurs. 2000;12(1):17.

77. Tiruneh CM, Belachew A, Mulatu S, Emiru TD, Tibebu NS, Abate MW, Nigat AB, Belete A, Walle BG. Magnitude of mortality and its associated factors among Burn victim children admitted to South Gondar zone government hospitals, Ethiopia, from 2015 to 2019. Ital J Pediatr. 2022;48(1):1–8.

78. Yay FG. Epidemiology of burn injury among children’s attended felege hiwot referral hospital in Bahir dar town, Amhara regional state, Ethiopia, 2017. J Pediatr Neonatal Care. 2020;10(1).

79. Hansbrough JF, Hansbrough W. Pediatric burns. Pediatr Rev. 1999;20(4):117-23.quiz 124. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.20-4-117. Erratum in: Pediatr Rev 1999;20(6):215.

80. Behrman RE, Vaughan VC III. Nelson textbook of pediatrics: WB Saunders company. 1983.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article is excerpted from the Mulatu et al. BMC Emergency Medicine (2022) 22:199 by Wound World.