Keywords
anastomosis internal mammary-coronary artery
Issue: Volume 61 - Issue 12 - December 2015 ISSN 1943-2720
Index: Ostomy Wound Management 2015;61(12):26–30
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Abstract
Bilateral internal thoracic artery (BITA) grafting may be associated with a higher risk of postoperative deep sternal wound infection than monolateral internal thoracic artery grafting due to a limited blood supply to the thoracic chest wall. Because preliminary studies suggest negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) may reduce the risk of infection, a retrospective chart review of 129 patients who underwent BITA between February 2003 and October 2014 was conducted. Of those, 21 patients received NPWT for 5 days immediately following surgery and the incisions of 108 patients were covered with a conventional gauze dressing. Patient demographic and history variables as well as surgical procedure and outcome variables were abstracted. Outcome variables assessed included infection, need for transfusion, and length of hospital stay. The NPWT group was significantly younger (average age 55.9 ± 7.6 versus 60 ± 10.5 years, P = 0.049), had fewer urgent/emergent surgeries (4 [19%] versus 36 [33.3%], P = 0.247), and had significantly lower surgical risk scores (2.0 ± 2.3 versus 3.8 ± 2.8, P = 0.010). The rate of deep sternal wound infections was lower in the NPWT than in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (0% versus 5.6%, P = 0.336). Sternal instability was noted in 4 control patients, requiring wound re-exploration versus 0 in the NPWT group (3.7% versus 0%, P = 0.487). One (1) patient in the NPWT group had postoperative bleeding that required removal of the device. The rates of re-thoracotomy due to bleeding were 9.3% in the control compared to 4.8% in the NPWT group (P = 0.435), which translated into a greater need for blood transfusions (1.77 ± 3.4 units versus 0.3 3± 0.7 units, P = 0.056) and larger chest drainage volume (997.8 ± 710 mL versus 591.2 ± 346 mL, P = 0.012) in the control group. Hospital stay was longer in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (12 ± 8.8 days versus 9.4 ± 4.2 days, P = 0.184). These preliminary results are encouraging, and prospective, randomized, controlled clinical studies to compare the efficacy, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of NPWT to other wound management modalities following cardiac surgery are warranted.
Introduction
According to an analysis of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons1 adult cardiac surgery database, although available evidence shows bilateral internal thoracic artery (BITA) revascularization provides long-term survival benefits as compared to monolateral internal thoracic artery (ITA) plus saphenous vein bypass, many cardiac surgery centers are reluctant to make it a routine procedure. As shown in an experimental study2 conducted on 50 fresh specimens of the anterior thorax wall, BITA grafting presents a higher risk for postoperative deep sternal wound infection than single ITA grafting. Sternal complications mainly develop from the distal third of the sternal region, the most ischemic area after ITA harvesting and therefore an ideal acid ambience for bacteria (predominantly Staphylococcus) to grow as demonstrated in in vitrocellular cultivation.3 The use of BITA for standard procedures of surgical revascularization should be the goal of coronary surgery1; strategies to reduce sternal complications would enable the widespread application of BITA grafting even in high-risk patients and in the elderly.
In addition, limited blood supply to the thoracic chest wall is a known risk factor for sternal wound complications after coronary artery bypass grafting.2 A recent meta-analysis with literature review4showed a 2.81% incidence of sternal wound infection with use of skeletonized ITA compared to 7.15% in patients who received conventional pedicled ITA harvesting.
The Prevena™ Incision Management System (KCI, Wiesbaden, Germany) is a negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) product specifically designed for managing surgically closed incisions (see Figure 1a-d). The peel-and-place dressing protects the incision site from bacterial contamination. In vitro studies5 have demonstrated vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) therapy results in microdeformations of open wounds, promoting both cell proliferation in the wound microenvironment and angiogenesis. In addition, using laser Doppler flowmetry, results of a controlled clinical study6 (N = 20) showed a significant increase in peristernal perfusion with VAC therapy compared to control after ITA harvesting. A porcine sternotomy wound model7 showed similar results. Up to now, no data have been available on human patients undergoing sternotomy and BITA harvesting.
The aim of this retrospective study was to compare overall outcomes and the incidence of deep sternal wound infection in patients undergoing BITA grafting with or without closed incision management.
Methods
Data for 129 consecutive patients with ischemic heart disease who underwent myocardial revascularization and received BITA grafting according to the surgeon’s preference and experience (BITA or ITA plus vein grafts) at the authors’ center from February 2003 to October 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. Data abstracted included age, surgical indication (elective, urgent, emergency), Log EuroSCORE and EuroSCORE (institutional surgical risk score for mortality and morbidity, where 0–5 indicates low risk, 5–10 mean risk, 10–15 moderate risk, and >15 high risk), left ventricular ejection fraction, diabetic status, insulin therapy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cortisone therapy, immunosuppressive therapy, combined procedures, number of coronary artery bypass grafts, cross-clamp time, cardiopulmonary bypass time, and procedural time. The postoperative incidence of wound infections and deep sternal wound infections, clinical and radiographic indications of sternal instability, incidence of pneumonia, bleeding events, compliance with the NPWT protocol (eg, patient reports of itching, pain, or pressure in the chest, documented in the medical record), transfusions, amount of chest drainage, and length of hospital stay were recorded for patients who did/did not use NPWT, as well as discomfort with negative pressure; data on discomfort with negative pressure were retrieved from paper records and recorded by the facility’s ward doctors. All patients were in accordance with the use of their personal data and provided signed privacy consent.
Surgical procedures. All procedures were performed through longitudinal median sternotomy by 5 experienced cardiac surgeons. Conventional medication (ie, standard care) comprised adsorbent adhesive gauze dressings (usually Cosmopor E (Paul Hartmann AG, Heidenheim, Germany), 25 cm x 10 cm , changed once daily every day for 5 postoperative days; if excessive bleeding, dirt, and wetness were evident, the dressing was changed more frequently. The wound also was disinfected with an iodine solution. This care continued for the non-NPWT patients. Beginning in August 2013, the NPWT device was used for closed incision management for 21 consecutive patients. Written consent for the use of the NPWT was obtained preoperatively from the patients.
According to standard protocol, the NPWT system is applied under sterile conditions in the operating room immediately after closure of the skin incision with absorbable 4-0 Monocryl sutures (see Figure 1a-d). Following disinfection with an iodine solution, the NPWT system was placed once the skin was dry on the skin surrounding the incision and remained in place at a continuous negative pressure of -125 mm Hg for the first 5 postoperative days, as recommended by the manufacturer (see Figure 2).
Data analysis. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 17.0 statistical software (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). Continuous and normally distributed data were reported as mean ± standard deviation. Student’s t-test corrected for Bonferroni’s adjustment was used for paired data testing. A P value <0.05 indicated statistical significance. Outcomes data assessed on day 30 postoperatively were the postoperative incidence of wound infections, sternal instability, pneumonia, bleeding events, compliance with the NPWT protocol, transfusions, chest drainage, and length of hospital stay.
Results
The mean age for all patient participants was 60 ± 10.5 years old; 18 patients (13.9%) had diabetes (see Table 1). The NPWT and control group differed significantly in age (55.9 ± 7.6 years versus 60.8 ± 10.8 years, respectively; P = 0.049) and EuroSCORE value (2.0 ± 2.3 versus 3.8 ± 2.8, respectively; P = 0.010). Other preoperative and perioperative risk factors did not differ significantly between the 2 groups (see Table 2).
No superficial or deep sternal wound infections occurred in the 21-patient NPWT group, but 6 of the 108 patients (5.6%) in the control group developed a deep sternal wound infection. The difference in infection rate was not statistically significant (P = 0.336). The incidence of sternal instability was 3.7% (4 of 108) in the control group and 0 (0%) in the NPWT group (P = 0.487); the 4 patients with instability were not infected, but the 6 persons with deep sternal wound infection were unstable. No suction-related complications or patient discomfort were recorded. One (1) patient in the NPWT group had postoperative bleeding that required removal of the device. In the remaining 20 patients, the device was left in place for 5 days according to standard protocol. One NPWT patient versus 10 control patients underwent re-thoracotomy due to bleeding (4.8% versus 9.3%, P = 0.435), which translated into a greater need for blood transfusions (0.33 ± 0.7 versus 1.77 ± 3.4 units, P = 0.056) and larger chest drainage volume (591.2 ± 346 mL versus 997.8 ± 710 mL P = 0.012) in the control group. Hospital stay was longer in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (9.4 ± 4.2 days versus 12 ± 8.8 days, P = 0.184).
The incidence of pneumonia in the NPWT and control groups (2 and 9 patients, respectively [9.5% versus 8.3%, P = 0.565]) and 30-day mortality (0 versus 3 patients [0% versus 2.8%, P = 0.584]) were similar in the 2 groups.
Discussion
NPWT may be beneficial to wound healing; it stimulates angiogenesis in the underlying tissue (as demonstrated in a porcine sternotomy wound model7), minimizing the risk for sternal wound ischemia due to decreased blood supply to the sternum after BITA harvesting. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis8 showed BITA grafting was associated with a higher incidence of sternal wound infection compared to ITA. Underscoring this research, deep sternal wound infection requiring revision surgery with staple removal occurred in 3.7% of patients in the control group, but data on superficial wound complications were not recorded in this group. The rate of deep sternal infections was low, considering conventional pedicled ITA harvesting4 was used. None of the patients in the NPWT group developed a deep infection or were treated for superficial sternal wound infection. None of the outcome variables evaluated were statistically significantly different.
In a biomechanics lab study using finite element analysis, Wilkes et al9 showed the application of closed incision management with NPWT decreased lateral stress around the incision by 50%, contributing to normalization of tissue forces and closure. In addition, Atkins et al6 documented (using laser Doppler flowmetry) increased peristernal perfusion in 10 patients who received NPWT at -125 mm Hg for 4 days, compensating for the lower perfusion after ITA harvesting. In a previous retrospective review10 of 57 adult cardiac surgery patients, the same authors reported no treatments for sternal wound infections were needed.
Although the clinical benefits of closed incision management with NPWT have been reported in a prospective cohort study,11 results are to be considered preliminary owing to the small sample sizes and the heterogeneity of the study populations. This limitation also applies to the current study, in part because the NPWT group was small and the control group was statistically significantly older and with higher risk for mortality. Ingargiola et al’s12 systematic review of 10 selected studies that investigated the outcomes of 626 incisions on 610 patients who underwent not only sternotomy, but also laparotomy and leg incisions showed possible evidence of a decreased incidence of wound infection with application of incisional NPWT, suggesting the need for further research before recommending NPWT. The results from studies performed in general surgery patients with multiple comorbidities are inconsistent; no benefit from the use of the NPWT system could be demonstrated in a prospective, randomized controlled study13 comparing NPWT to standard dry dressings on surgical incisions.
A retrospective chart review14 was performed on 63 consecutive patients with incisions (longitudinal or transverse femoral cutdown for vascular procedures) managed with traditional gauze and 52 consecutive incisions managed with NPWT. The NPWT dressing was found to significantly reduce the incidence of groin wound infection in vascular surgery patients. In a prospective study among a high-risk group of 150 consecutive obese patients undergoing cardiac surgery via median sternotomy, Grauhan et al15 reported a significant reduction in the rate of wound infection if a negative pressure wound dressing was used. However, no patient included in their prospective study underwent BITA grafting, which makes the present study sample of particular interest. Current preliminary results demonstrating the absence of superficial or deep sternal wound infection in all patients in the NPWT group prompted the authors to plan a prospective, randomized multicenter study where the number of patients is appropriate to the number of endpoints and is aimed at confirming or refuting current data.
Limitations
The study design and sample size, especially the sample size of the intervention group, have inherent limitations. In addition, the groups differed significantly in terms of age and EuroSCORE. Patients in the control group were older and had a higher risk for mortality.
Conclusion
Results of a retrospective chart review of 129 patients undergoing BITA showed a lower rate of deep sternal wound infection in patients managed with NPWT (0%, n = 21) compared to patients whose incisions were covered with a conventional gauze medication (3.7%, n = 108). This difference was not statistically significant. Prospective, randomized, multicenter clinical studies comparing the effects of different wound treatment modalities on outcomes of adult cardiac surgery patients undergoing BITA through full sternotomy are needed.
Affiliations
Dr. Santarpino is Assistant Professor of Cardiac Surgery; Dr. Gazdag is a medical doctor; Dr. Sirch, Dr. Vogt and Dr. Ledwon are Staff Cardiac Surgeons; Dr. Fischlein is Professor of Cardiac Surgery; and Dr. Pfeiffer is Assistant Professor of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Klinikum Nürnberg. Nuremberg, Germany. Please address correspondence to: Giuseppe Santarpino, MD, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Klinikum Nürnber, Breslauer Strasse 201 - 90471 Nuremberg, Germany; email: 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。.
