Carmine Piccolo1 · Sara de Candia1 · Annalisa Natalicchio1 · Sergio Di Molfetta1 · Irene Caruso1 · Luigi Laviola1 · Francesco Giorgino1 · Gian Pio Sorice
Received: 16 December 2025 / Accepted: 11 March 2026 © The Author(s) 2026
Abstract
Aims Phenylketonuria and type 1 diabetes are lifelong metabolic disorders requiring complex and potentially conflicting nutritional strategies. Their coexistence is rare, yet management may become particularly challenging during transition from pediatric to adult care. We describe the case of a young adult with phenylketonuria who developed type 1 diabetes.
Methods A 27-year-old man with longstanding phenylketonuria was referred to an adult metabolic-diabetes center after the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Clinical, biochemical, nutritional, and continuous glucose monitoring data were reviewed. The intervention included structured therapeutic education, transition from fixed insulin doses to a dynamic regimen based on carbohydrate counting, and revision of medical nutrition therapy using phenylketonuria-adapted low-protein foods and sugar-free phenylalanine-free amino acid supplements.
Results At diagnosis, HbA1c was 11.5%, with markedly reduced C-peptide levels and high titer anti-GAD antibodies. Ini-tial diabetes management was associated with poor adherence to the phenylketonuria diet, increased intake of conventional protein sources, and elevated phenylalanine levels. After individualized insulin titration and nutritional intervention, HbA1c improved from 11.5% to 7.8%, phenylalanine levels decreased from 842 to 705 μmol/L, insulin requirement declined from 0.55 to 0.3 IU/kg/day, and continuous glucose monitoring showed improved glycemic control without increased hypoglyce-mia. The Glycemia Risk Index improved from high-risk Zone E to low-intermediate-risk Zone B.
Conclusions This case highlights the need for personalized multidisciplinary care integrating continuous glucose monitor-ing, carbohydrate counting, and phenylketonuria specific nutrition to optimize both metabolic conditions.
Keywords Phenylketonuria · Type 1 diabetes · CGM · multidisciplinary approach
Nicolò Diego Borella1 · Antonio Ferramosca2 · Giona Castagna1 · Silvia Ippolito1 · Sara Ceresoli2 · Antonio Taverna1 · Beatrice Sonzogni2 · Roberto Trevisan1,3 · Giuseppe Lepore1
Received: 6 March 2024 / Accepted: 15 October 2024 / Published online: 22 November 2024 © The Author(s) 2024
Context Advanced hybrid closed loop (AHCL) systems currently represent the most advanced modality of insulin therapy.
Aim To compare the night-time (from 00 to 07 a.m.) effectiveness in achieving recommended glycemic targets of three dif-ferent AHCL systems in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D).
Methods We retrospectively evaluated 55 adults with T1D (mean age 41±16 years, male 40%, diabetes duration 19.4±11.4 years, BMI 24.1±4.1 kg/m2 ) with similar glycemic control (GMI 7.0–7.4%). Twenty-two participants were using the Minimed 780G system, 18 the Tandem t:slim X2 with Control-IQ system and 15 the DBLG1 system. Continuous glucose monitoring derived metrics and insulin requirement of 14 consecutive nights were
Results All three groups achieved the recommended mean TIR>70%, mean TBR<4%, and mean CV<36% with a similar insulin requirement (Minimed 780G system: TIR 73.9±11.2%, TBR 0.9±1.2%, CV 29±6.7%; Tandem t:slim X2 with Con-trol-IQ system: TIR 74.1±11.1%, TBR 1.1±1.0%, CV 34.5±6.6%; DBLG1 System TIR 71.7±11.3%, TBR 1.4±3.7%, CV 32.4±7.1%). Tight TIR% (70–140 mg/dl) was significantly higher (p<0.01) in the Tandem t:slim X2 with Control-IQ group (51.5±9.8%) when compared to Minimed 780G group (42.1±13.7%) and DBLG1 System (40.1±10.5%). In all three groups the insulin infusion similarly decreased from midnight to 05.00 am and then increased.
Conclusions All the three AHCL systems achieved the recommended TIR, TBR and CV without difference in insulin requirement. The Tandem Control-IQ system obtained a higher tight TIR.
原创: 十六点五 中山二院糖尿病足中心
对于糖尿病外周血管病变的治疗,2019年版IWGDF指南讲的比较少,无论是内科治疗还是介入治疗,这版的指南都讲得比较少(其实之前版本的IWGDF指南有关血管病变方面的内容更少),而国内糖尿病足指南,提到有关糖尿病外周血管病变治疗,一般都会用比较大的篇幅谈到其内科治疗。
人们对于糖尿病外周血管病变越来越关注,一方面,它是糖尿病足形成的最重要的原因;另一方面,它也是糖尿病进展到一定程度的标志,严重的糖尿病外周血管病变,往往标志着糖尿病进展到晚期,心、肾、脑、眼底等重要脏器的血管也存在严重的问题,而糖尿病足长期的皮肤溃疡不愈合,其产生的大量炎症因子,也会加重这些血管病变,因此,如何评价(诊断)及治疗糖尿病外周血管病变,成为了糖尿病诊断和治疗的最重要的领域。
糖尿病足的预防是各种指南中最重要的部分,无论是国内还是国外的,在各版的IWGDF指南都是重要内容,而且说明得特别详细及有比较多得循证医学的证据支持。但比较几个版本的IWGDF指南及国内外其他指南,这部分是肯定存在的,从中可以看出“糖尿病足的预防”已经深入人心。
糖尿病足实质上就是一种糖尿病人足部出现难以愈合的皮肤慢性溃疡,如何使糖尿病人足部皮肤慢性溃疡愈合是糖尿病足治疗的中心,因此,围绕足部皮肤慢性溃疡愈合是糖尿病足治疗的中心环节。
伤口世界平台生态圈,以“关爱人间所有伤口患者”为愿景,连接、整合和拓展线上和线下的管理慢性伤口的资源,倡导远程、就近和居家管理慢性伤口,解决伤口专家的碎片化时间的价值创造、诊疗经验的裂变复制、和患者的就近、居家和低成本管理慢性伤口的问题。
2019广东省医疗行业协会伤口管理分会年会
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