İbrahim Halil Aydoğdu | Esen Özkaya Department of Dermatology and Venereology, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey
Correspondence: İbrahim Halil Aydoğdu (该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。)
Received: 26 April 2025 | Revised: 14 June 2025 | Accepted: 30 June 2025
Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.
Keywords: allergic contact dermatitis | carbamate | epidemiology | glove | mercapto | nonoccupational | occupational | patch test | rubber additives | thiuram
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2025 The Author(s). Contact Dermatitis published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
ABSTRACT
Background: Rubber additives are common causes of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) worldwide, yet data from Turkey remain
Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of rubber additive sensitisation and its clinical/occupational relevance in a tertiary re ferral centre.
Methods: A retrospective study on 2687 consecutively patch-tested patients with rubber additives at our allergy unit between 1996 and 2023.
Results: Rubber sensitisation was found in 10.6%, with a slight increase after 2010. Male predominance was noted (female: male=1:2.3). Thiurams and carbamates were the most frequent sensitizers. ACD was diagnosed in 7.9%, primarily caused by gloves (85.5%). Hands were most commonly affected (94.4%). Logistic regression analysis showed that thiuram and carba mate sensitisation was significantly associated with hand eczema, while benzothiazole derivatives were linked to foot eczema. Airborne ACD occurred in 4.2%, mainly in healthcare workers. Hand eczema with and without wrist extension was observed with similar frequency. Occupational ACD accounted for 79.3% of cases, especially among construction (56.8%) and healthcare workers (14.8%), with a relative increase in the latter group after 2015.
Conclusions: The high prevalence of sensitisation from rubber gloves is concerning. Legal measures are urgently needed, includ ing safer additives and clearer glove labelling. Patch testing remains essential, even without the classic glove-pattern distribution.
Jeanne D. Johansen1, Kristiina Aalto-Korte2, Tove Agner3, Klaus E. Andersen4, Andreas Bircher5, Magnus Bruze6, Alicia Cannavó7, Ana Giménez-Arnau8, Margarida Gonçalo9, An Goossens10, Swen M. John11, Carola Lidén12, Magnus Lindberg13, Vera Mahler14, Mihály Matura15, Thomas Rustemeyer16, Jørgen Serup3, Radoslaw Spiewak17, Jacob P. Thyssen1, Martine Vigan18, Ian R. White19, Mark Wilkinson20 and Wolfgang Uter21
1 Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark,
2 Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland, 3Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark, 4Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark, 5Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland, 6Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden, 7Hospital Municipal de Vicente López ‘Profesor Bernard Houssay’, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 8Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08003 Barcelona, Spain, 9Department of Dermatology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal, 10Contact Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital K. U. Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, 11Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine, Health Theory, University of Osnabrueck, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany, 12Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden, 13Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Örebro, SE-70185 Örebro, Sweden, 14Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, 15Unit of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, SLSO, SE-11365 Stockholm, Sweden, 16Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Centre, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 17Department of Experimental Dermatology and Cosmetology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krakow, Poland, 18Department of Dermatology, CHRU Besançon, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France, 19Department of Cutaneous Allergy, St John’s Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH UK, 20Spire Hospital, Leeds, LS8 1NT UK, and 21Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Erlangen/Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany doi:10.1111/cod.12432 Correspondence: Jeanne D. Johansen, Department of Dermato-allergology, Gentofte Hospital, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark. Tel: +4538677301. E-mail: 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。 Conflicts of interests: KAK, JDJ, AC, CL, ML, MM, JS, IRW: No conflicts. TA: Giving talks at meetings arranged by Leo Pharma and GlaxoSmithKline; KEA: Advisor to SmartPractice, Hillerød. Medical Director for Dermatological Investigation (DIS). Research support from IFRA and RIFM; AB: Educational grants from Novartis, GSK, Vifor; MB: member of the REXPAN, collaboration with SmartPractice on metal allergens; AGA: Medical Advisor for Uriach Pharma, Genentech, Novartis research grants by Intendis – Bayer, Uriach Pharma, Novartis, educational activities sponsored by Uriach Pharma, Novartis, Genentech, Menarini, GSK, MSD, Almirall; MG: Participated in the EDEN study on fragrance allergy. Since January 2014 participatation in the National Advisory Board for NOVARTIS (omalizumab for urticaria). Lectures on immunology of psoriasis for Portuguese dermatologists paid by Janssen (2012/13); AG: Departmental service (contact allergy website) financially supported by cosmetic and a few pharmaceutical companies; lecture on allergic contact dermatitis from cosmetics for GSK; lectures to pharmacists and dermatologists on dermatological preparations (contact allergy, irritancy) for Fagron; SMJ: Lecture fees from Almirall, Biogen-Idec, Galderma; VM: Has received lecturing fees from SmartPractice, Almirall Hermal, GlaxoSmithKline, Basilea; TR: Grants for the department from Almirall, Novartis, Zilverlon, Stallergenes; RS: Shareholder and scientific adviser of the Polish representative of Chemotechnique Diagnostics; JPT: Sold a cobalt spot test to Smart Health, Az, USA; MV: Grants from GlaxoSmithKline, Unilever, l’ARCAA; MW: Attended a drug advisory board meeting for GlaxoSmithKline; WU: Accepted travel reimbursement and partly honorarium for presentations given to cosmetic industry (associations) by them. Lecture fee from Almirall Hermal for educational lectures on contact allergy. Accepted for publication 6 May 2015
Summary
The present guideline summarizes all aspects of patch testing for the diagnosis of contact allergy in patients suspected of suffering, or having been suffering, from allergic contact dermatitis or other delayed-type hypersensitivity skin and mucosal conditions. Sections with brief descriptions and discussions of different pertinent topics are followed by a highlighted short practical recommendation. Topics comprise, after an introduction with important definitions, materials, technique, modifications of epicutaneous testing, indi vidual factors influencing the patch test outcome or necessitating special considerations, children, patients with occupational contact dermatitis and drug eruptions as special groups, patch testing of materials brought in by the patient, adverse effects of patch testing, and the final evaluation and patient counselling based on this judgement. Finally, short reference is made to aspects of (continuing) medical education and to electronic collection of data for epidemiological surveillance.
Key words: contact allergy; guideline; patch testing; review.
擅长领域：介入微创诊疗血管性疾病等，如下肢动脉硬化闭塞症、糖尿病足、血管畸形、静脉曲张、动静脉血栓形成、静脉狭窄闭塞等。
东莞康华医院国际造口治疗师，采用全球倡导的伤口湿性愈合疗法和造口专科护理新技术，在糖尿病溃疡足、下肢动/静脉溃疡、骨髓炎、外科术后感染/脂肪液化、肿瘤伤口、放射性皮炎、痛风破溃感染、压力性损伤（压疮）、液体外渗、造口并发症、失禁、瘘管等方面提供专业化的诊治、咨询及健康教育。
从事骨科临床工作和外科学教学工作30年。擅长骨关节疾病、四肢骨折和手外伤的保守治疗、手术治疗（关节置换手术、四肢骨折内固定手术、创伤修复手术）；各类创面的修复：包括糖尿病足、难治性痛风破溃感染伤口、创伤术后伤口不愈合。
长期从事影像诊断和介入放射学诊疗工作，擅长肿瘤和血管病的介入治疗。
佛山市禅城区中心医院慢性伤口造口专科主任。
伤口世界平台生态圈，以“关爱人间所有伤口患者”为愿景，连接、整合和拓展线上和线下的管理慢性伤口的资源，倡导远程、就近和居家管理慢性伤口，解决伤口专家的碎片化时间的价值创造、诊疗经验的裂变复制、和患者的就近、居家和低成本管理慢性伤口的问题。
2019广东省医疗行业协会伤口管理分会年会
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