次氯酸对大肠埃希菌生物膜的作用及大肠埃希菌感染创面的临床疗效

刘江 1吴宝林 2朱万招 2刘洁 3王彤 4耿毛毛 2白莉 5刘毅 4

¹榆 林 市 第 一 医 院 烧 伤 整 形 外 科 ，榆 林 719000；² 宁 夏 医 科 大 学 临 床 医 学 院 ，银 川750000；³ 解放军联勤保障部队第 940 医院烧伤整形外科，兰州 730050；⁴ 兰州大学第二医院烧伤整形与创面修复外科，兰州 730030；⁵ 榆林市中医医院重症医学科，榆林719000通信作者：刘毅，Email：该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。

【摘要】目的 探讨次氯酸对大肠埃希菌生物膜的作用及其对大肠埃希菌感染创面的临床疗效。方法 收集从解放军联勤保障部队第 940 医院 5 个临床科室 2019 年 9—12 月 25 例患者（男16 例、女 9 例，年龄 32~67 岁）送检标本分离出的大肠埃希菌菌株中细菌生物膜形成能力最强的 1 株菌进 行 实 验 研 究 。 将 大 肠 埃 希 菌 分 别 与 162.96、81.48、40.74、20.37、10.18、5.09、2.55、1.27、0.64、0.32 μg/mL 的次氯酸共培养，筛选次氯酸最低杀菌浓度（MBC）；将大肠埃希菌与筛选的 MBC 次氯酸分别作用 2、5、10、20、30、60 min，筛选次氯酸的最短杀菌时间。分别于培养 6、12、24、48、72、96 h，采用扫描电子显微镜观察大肠埃希菌生物膜形成情况。大肠埃希菌培养 72 h 后，分别加入 1、2、4、8、16 倍MBC的次氯酸，筛选次氯酸对大肠埃希菌的最低生物膜清除浓度（MBEC）。于大肠埃希菌中分别加入 1、2、4、8 倍 MBEC 的次氯酸及无菌生理盐水，作用 10 min 后，采用活/死细菌染色试剂盒检测活、死细胞数，并计算死菌率（样本数为 5）。2020 年 1—12 月，解放军联勤保障部队第 940 医院烧伤整形外科收治 41 例符合入选标准的感染创面患者，对其进行前瞻性随机对照试验。采用随机数字表法将患者分为次氯酸组 21 例［男 13 例、女 8 例，年龄（46±14）岁］和聚维酮碘组 20 例［男 14 例、女 6 例，年龄（45±19）岁]。2 组患者分别用 100 μg/mL 次氯酸、50 mg/mL 聚维酮碘溶液浸透的无菌纱布湿敷，每天换药 1 次。首次换药前、第 10 天换药时，取创面及创缘组织，采用琼脂培养法培养细菌并定量分析组织细菌量。首次换药前和第 3、7、10 天换药时，肉眼观察创面渗出量和肉芽组织生长情况并评分。对数据行单因素方差分析、Dunnett-t检验、独立样本 t检验、Mann-Whitney U 检验、Wilcoxon 符号秩检验、χ2检验或 Fisher 确切概率法检验。结果 次氯酸对大肠埃希菌的 MBC 为 10.18 μg/mL，MBC 的次氯酸对大肠埃希菌的最短杀菌时间为 2 min。培养 6、12 h，大肠埃希菌处于完全游离状态；随着培养时间的延长，大肠埃希菌逐渐聚集、黏附，至培养 72 h 形成成熟的生物膜。次氯酸对大肠埃希菌的MBEC 为 20.36 μg/mL。与 1、2、4、8 倍 MBEC 的次氯酸作用 10 min 后，大肠埃希菌死菌率均明显高于与无菌生理盐水作用 10 min 后（t 值分别为 6.11、25.04、28.90、40.74，P<0.01）。第 10 天换药时，次氯酸组 患 者 创 面 组 织 细 菌 量 为 2.61（2.20，3.30）×10⁴集 落 形 成 单 位（CFU）/g，明 显 少 于 聚 维 酮 碘 组 的4.77（2.18，12.48）×10⁴CFU/g（Z=2.06，P<0.05）；次氯酸组和聚维酮碘组患者创面组织细菌量均明显少于首次换药前的 2.97（2.90，3.04）×10⁶、2.97（1.90，7.95）×10⁶ CFU/g（Z 值分别为 4.02、3.92，P<0.01）。第10 天换药时，次氯酸组患者创面渗出量评分明显低于聚维酮碘组（Z=2.07，P<0.05）。与首次换药前比较，次氯酸组患者第 7、10 天换药时创面渗出量评分均明显降低（Z 值分别为−3.99、−4.12，P<0.01），聚10⁶、2.97（1.90，7.95）×10⁶维酮碘组患者第 7、10 天换药时创面渗出量评分均明显降低（Z 值分别为−3.54、−3.93，P<0.01）。第10 天换药时，次氯酸组患者创面肉芽组织生长评分明显高于聚维酮碘组（Z=2.02，P<0.05）。与首次换药前比较，次氯酸组患者第 7、10 天换药时创面肉芽组织生长评分均明显升高（Z 值分别为−3.13、−3.67，P<0.01），聚维酮碘组患者第 7、10 天换药时创面肉芽组织生长评分均明显升高（Z 值分别为−3.12、−3.50，P<0.01）。结论 次氯酸对游离状态和生物膜状态的大肠埃希菌均有杀灭作用，低浓度的次氯酸对成熟的大肠埃希菌生物膜可起到快速杀菌作用，且次氯酸浓度越高，杀菌效果越好。100 μg/mL 次氯酸能有效减少患者大肠埃希菌感染创面的细菌负荷，表现为创面渗出的减少、间接促进肉芽组织生长，较传统外用抗菌剂聚维酮碘疗效更好。

【关键词】 次氯酸； 大肠杆菌； 生物膜； 感染性创面

Effect of hypochloric acid on Escherichia coli biofilm and the clinical efficacy of hypochloric acid for wounds with Escherichia coli infection

Liu Jiang¹ , Wu Baolin² , Zhu Wanzhao² , Liu Jie³ , Wang Tong⁴ , Geng Maomao² , Bai Li⁵ , Liu Yi⁴

¹Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, the First Hospital of Yulin, Yulin 719000, China; ²Clinical Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750000, China; ³Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, the 940th Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Lanzhou 730050, China; ⁴Department of Burns andPlastic Surgery ＆ Wound Repair Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; ⁵Intensive Care Unit, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Yulin, Yulin 719000, China Corresponding author: Liu Yi, Email: 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。

【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the effect of hypochloric acid on Escherichia coli biofilm and the clinical efficacy of hypochloric acid for wounds with Escherichia coli infection. Methods One strain of Escherichia coli with the strongest bacterial biofilm forming ability among the strains isolated from specimens in 25 patients (16 males and 9 females, aged 32−67 years) from five clinical departments of the 940^th Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force was collected for the experimental study from September to December 2019. The Escherichia coli was cultured with hypochloric acid at 162.96, 81.48, 40.74, 20.37,10.18, 5.09, 2.55, 1.27, 0.64, and 0.32 μg/mL respectively to screen the minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC) of hypochloric acid. The Escherichia coli was cultured with hypochloric acid at the screened MBC for2, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 min respectively to screen the shortest bactericidal time of hypochloric acid. The biofilm formation of Escherichia coli was observed by scanning electron microscopy at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of incubation, respectively. After 72 h of culture, hypochloric acid at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 times of MBC was respectively added to Escherichia coli to screen the minimum biofilm eradicate concentration (MBEC) of hypochloric acid against Escherichia coli. After hypochloric acid at 1, 2, 4, and 8 times of MBEC and sterile saline were respectively added to Escherichia coli for 10 min, the live/dead bacterial staining kit was used to detect the number of live and dead cells, with the rate of dead bacteria calculated (the number of samples was 5). From January to December 2020, 41 patients with infectious wounds meeting the inclusion criteria and admitted to the Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery of the 940^thHospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA were included into the prospective randomized controlled trial. The patients were divided into hypochloric acid group with 21 patients (13 males and 8 females, aged (46±14) years) and povidone iodine group with 20 patients (14 males and 6 females, aged (45±19) years) according to the random number table. Patients in the 2 groups were respectively dressed with sterile gauze soaked with hypochloric acid of 100 μg/mL and povidone iodine solution of 50 mg/mL with the dressings changed daily. Before the first dressing change and on the 10^th day of dressing change, tissue was taken from the wound and margin of the wound for culturing bacteria by agar culture method and quantifying the number of bacteria. The amount of wound exudate and granulation tissue growth were observed visually and scored before the first dressing change and on the 3^rd, 7^th, and 10^th days of dressing change. Data were statistically analyzed with one-way analysis of variance, Dunnett-t test, independent sample t test, Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, chi-square test, or Fisher's exact probability test. Results The MBC of hypochloric acid against Escherichia coli was 10.18 μg/mL, and the shortest bactericidal time of hypochloric acid with MBC against Escherichia coli was 2 min. Escherichia coli was in a completely free state after 6 and 12 h of culture and gradually aggregated and adhered with the extension of culture time, forming a mature biofilm at 72 h of culture. The MBEC of hypochloric acid against Escherichia coli was 20.36 μg/mL. The Escherichia coli mortality rates after incubation with hypochloric acid at 1, 2, 4, and 8 times of MBEC for 10 min were significantly higher than that after incubation with sterile saline (with t values of 6.11, 25.04, 28.90, and 40.74, respectively, P<0.01). The amount of bacteria in the wound tissue of patients in hypochloric acid group on the 10^th day of dressing change was 2.61 (2.20, 3.30)×10⁴colony forming unit (CFU)/g, significantly less than 4.77 (2.18, 12.48)×10

⁴CFU/g in povidone iodine group (Z=2.06, P<0.05). The amounts of bacteria in the wound tissue of patients in hypochloric acid group and povidone iodine group on the 10^th day of dressing change were significantly less than 2.97 (2.90, 3.04)×10⁶ and 2.97 (1.90, 7.95)×10⁶ CFU/g before the first dressing change (with Z values of 4.02 and 3.92, respectively, P<0.01). The score of wound exudate amount of patients in hypochloric acid group on the 10^th day of dressing change was significantly lower than that in povidone iodine group (Z=2.07, P<0.05). Compared with those before the first dressing change, the scores of wound exudate amount of patients in hypochloric acid group on the 7^th and 10^th days of dressing change were significantly decreased (with Z values of −3.99 and −4.12, respectively, P<0.01), and the scores of wound exudate amount of patients in povidone iodine group on the 7^thand 10^th days of dressing change were significantly decreased (with Z values of −3.54 and −3.93, respectively, P<0.01). The score of wound granulation tissue growth of patients in hypochloric acid group on the 10^th day of dressing change was significantly higher than that in povidone iodine group (Z=2.02, P<0.05). Compared with those before the first dressing change, the scores of wound granulation tissue growth of patients in hypochloric acid group on the 7^thand 10^th days of dressing change were significantly increased (with Z values of − 3.13 and − 3.67, respectively, P<0.01), and the scores of wound granulation tissue growth of patients in povidone iodine group on the 7^th and 10^th days of dressing change were significantly increased (with Z values of −3.12 and −3.50, respectively, P<0.01). Conclusions Hypochloric acid can kill Escherichia coli both in free and biofilm status. Hypochloric acid at a low concentration shows a rapid bactericidal effect on mature Escherichia coli biofilm, and the higher the concentration of hypochloric acid, the better the bactericidal effect. The hypochloric acid of 100 μg/mL is effective in reducing the bacterial load on wounds with Escherichia coli infection in patients, as evidenced by a reduction in wound exudate and indirect promotion of granulation tissue growth, which is more effective than povidone iodine, the traditional topical antimicrobial agent.

【Key words】 Hypochloric acid; Escherichia coli; Biofilm; Infectious wounds

弱酸性次氯酸消毒液杀菌性能和腐蚀性的实验研究

李志钢(帝森福德(北京)国际环境科技有限公司，北京 100020)

摘要：弱酸性次氯酸 (HClO) 消毒液作为一种常见的消毒液被广泛应用。文章主要分析了弱酸性 HClO 消毒液的杀菌性能和腐蚀性，采用了理化分析方法和载体定量杀菌实验方法。进行的实验包括中和剂鉴定实验、载体浸泡定量杀菌实验

和金属腐蚀性实验。实验表明弱酸性 HClO 消毒液的杀菌效果较好，腐蚀性较弱。

关键词：弱酸性次氯酸消毒液；杀菌性能；腐蚀性

中图分类号：TQ421

文献标志码：A

文章编号：1008-4800(2023)03-0033-03

DOI:10.19900/j.cnki.ISSN1008-4800.2023.03.010

Experimental Study on Bactericidal Property and

Corrosivity of Weak Acid Hypochlorite Disinfectant

LI Zhi-gang (Dienford (Beijing) International Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100020, China)

Abstract: Weak acid hypochlorite (HClO) disinfectant is widely used as a common disinfectant. This paper mainly analyzes the germicidal performance and corrosivity of weak acid HClO disinfectant, and adopts the physical and chemical analysis methods and carrier quantitative germicidal test methods. The tests carried out include neutralizer identification test, carrier immersion quantitative germicidal test and metal corrosion test. The test shows that the weak acid HClO disinfectant has good germicidal efficacy and weak corrosivity.

Keywords: weak acid hypochlorite disinfectant; bactericidal property; corrosivity

Periprocedural Use of Hypochlorous Acid Mist for Improving Healing and Cosmesis of the Face After Laser

Marianna Blyumin-Karasik1 | Jessica Colon2 | Sophie Gaer1 | Isabella Vigil1 | Sylvie Nguyen2 | Jordan Rosen1

1 Precision Skin & Body Institute, Davie, Florida, USA | 2Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Davie, Florida, USA

Correspondence: Marianna Blyumin-Karasik (该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。)

Received: 12 May 2025 | Revised: 7 August 2025 | Accepted: 12 August 2025

Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.

Keywords: aesthetic | cosmeceuticals | hypochlorous acid | integrated skincare | laser treatment | photoaging | resurfacing laser

Phenylketonuria and type 1 diabetes: a clinical and nutritional challenge in a young adult—a case report

Carmine Piccolo1  · Sara de Candia1  · Annalisa Natalicchio1  · Sergio Di Molfetta1  · Irene Caruso1  · Luigi Laviola1  · Francesco Giorgino1  · Gian Pio Sorice

Received: 16 December 2025 / Accepted: 11 March 2026 © The Author(s) 2026

Abstract

Aims Phenylketonuria and type 1 diabetes are lifelong metabolic disorders requiring complex and potentially conflicting nutritional strategies. Their coexistence is rare, yet management may become particularly challenging during transition from pediatric to adult care. We describe the case of a young adult with phenylketonuria who developed type 1 diabetes.

Methods A 27-year-old man with longstanding phenylketonuria was referred to an adult metabolic-diabetes center after the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Clinical, biochemical, nutritional, and continuous glucose monitoring data were reviewed. The intervention included structured therapeutic education, transition from fixed insulin doses to a dynamic regimen based on carbohydrate counting, and revision of medical nutrition therapy using phenylketonuria-adapted low-protein foods and sugar-free phenylalanine-free amino acid supplements.

Results At diagnosis, HbA1c was 11.5%, with markedly reduced C-peptide levels and high titer anti-GAD antibodies. Ini-tial diabetes management was associated with poor adherence to the phenylketonuria diet, increased intake of conventional protein sources, and elevated phenylalanine levels. After individualized insulin titration and nutritional intervention, HbA1c improved from 11.5% to 7.8%, phenylalanine levels decreased from 842 to 705 μmol/L, insulin requirement declined from 0.55 to 0.3 IU/kg/day, and continuous glucose monitoring showed improved glycemic control without increased hypoglyce-mia. The Glycemia Risk Index improved from high-risk Zone E to low-intermediate-risk Zone B.

Conclusions This case highlights the need for personalized multidisciplinary care integrating continuous glucose monitor-ing, carbohydrate counting, and phenylketonuria specific nutrition to optimize both metabolic conditions.

Keywords Phenylketonuria · Type 1 diabetes · CGM · multidisciplinary approach

Comparison of the night-time effectiveness in achieving glycemic targets in adults with type 1 diabetes of three advanced hybryd closed-loop systems

Nicolò Diego Borella1  · Antonio Ferramosca2  · Giona Castagna1  · Silvia Ippolito1  · Sara Ceresoli2  · Antonio Taverna1  · Beatrice Sonzogni2  · Roberto Trevisan1,3 · Giuseppe Lepore1

Received: 6 March 2024 / Accepted: 15 October 2024 / Published online: 22 November 2024 © The Author(s) 2024

Abstract

Context Advanced hybrid closed loop (AHCL) systems currently represent the most advanced modality of insulin therapy.

Aim To compare the night-time (from 00 to 07 a.m.) effectiveness in achieving recommended glycemic targets of three dif-ferent AHCL systems in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Methods We retrospectively evaluated 55 adults with T1D (mean age 41±16 years, male 40%, diabetes duration 19.4±11.4 years, BMI 24.1±4.1 kg/m2 ) with similar glycemic control (GMI 7.0–7.4%). Twenty-two participants were using the Minimed 780G system, 18 the Tandem t:slim X2 with Control-IQ system and 15 the DBLG1 system. Continuous glucose monitoring derived metrics and insulin requirement of 14 consecutive nights were

Results All three groups achieved the recommended mean TIR>70%, mean TBR<4%, and mean CV<36% with a similar insulin requirement (Minimed 780G system: TIR 73.9±11.2%, TBR 0.9±1.2%, CV 29±6.7%; Tandem t:slim X2 with Con-trol-IQ system: TIR 74.1±11.1%, TBR 1.1±1.0%, CV 34.5±6.6%; DBLG1 System TIR 71.7±11.3%, TBR 1.4±3.7%, CV 32.4±7.1%). Tight TIR% (70–140 mg/dl) was significantly higher (p<0.01) in the Tandem t:slim X2 with Control-IQ group (51.5±9.8%) when compared to Minimed 780G group (42.1±13.7%) and DBLG1 System (40.1±10.5%). In all three groups the insulin infusion similarly decreased from midnight to 05.00 am and then increased.

Conclusions All the three AHCL systems achieved the recommended TIR, TBR and CV without difference in insulin requirement. The Tandem Control-IQ system obtained a higher tight TIR.

The potential of precision diabetology for type 2 diabetes treatment— evidence from a meta-regression for all-cause mortality from large cardiovascular outcome trials

Oliver Kuss1,2,3  · Michael Roden3,4,5  · Sabrina Schlesinger1,3  · Annika Hoyer6

Received: 27 May 2024 / Accepted: 23 November 2024 / Published online: 12 December 2024 © The Author(s) 2024

Abstract

Aims Two prerequisites must be met for the precision treatment approach to be beneficial for treated individuals. First, there must be treatment heterogeneity; second, in case of treatment heterogeneity, clinical predictors to identify people who would benefit from one treatment more than from others must be available. There is an established meta-regression approach to assess these two prerequisites that relies on measuring the variability of a clinical outcome after treatment in placebo-controlled randomised trials. We recently applied this approach to the treatment of type 2 diabetes for the clinical outcomes of glycaemic control and body weight and repeat it for the clinical outcome of all-cause mortality.

Methods We performed a meta-regression analysis using digitalized individual participant information on time to death from 10 large cardiovascular outcome trials (7563 deaths from 99,746 participants) on DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and SGLT-2 inhibitors with respect to the variability of all-cause mortality and its potential predictors after treatment.

Results The adjusted difference in log(SD) values of time to death between the verum and placebo arms was −0.036 (95%- CI: −0.059; −0.013), showing larger variability of time to death in the placebo arms. No clinical predictors were found to explain treatment heterogeneity.

Conclusions This analysis suggests that the potential of the precision treatment approach in type 2 diabetes is low, at least with regard to improvement of all-cause mortality in population with high cardiovascular risk. This extends our previous findings for the clinical outcomes of glycaemic control and body weight.

Keywords Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors · Glucagon-like peptide 1 · HbA1c · Meta-regression · Precision medicine · Sodium–glucose transporter 2 inhibitors · Type 2 diabetes mellitus